Allocation methodology

Today s high technology products and growing international competition require knowledgeable design decisions based on realistic models that include manufacturability requirements. A suitable and coherent tolerance allocation methodology... 

As the European budget for C02 emissions is capped, if many Member States implement this allocation methodology, increases in national emissions are likely to push up the European price of C02 allowances. They, in turn, increase the electricity prices across all states, and thus the subsidy-effect of free allocation that lowers electricity prices is partly offset. 

Benchmarking is an allocation methodology that works with historic data, but instead of basing the allocation on historic emissions data, it integrates historic input or output data into the allocation formula in order to differentiate the allocation between more and less carbon-efficient installations. 

Work on the NAP began in spring 2003 with an effort to identify available data sources and to consider alternative allocation methodologies. At this time the government also accelerated the planned updating of its economy-wide energy-use projections, which provided estimates of national emissions based on projected fuel use. These projections had previously been published in 2000 (Department of Trade and Industry 2000). 

At an early stage the FlexMex2 Commission invested a lot of effort in investigating alternative allocation methodologies. In order to assess different options a Swedish list of criteria was created and used as... 

A second round of consultation begun on 30 September following the European Commission s assessment and approval of the plan. Again no concrete proposals for change to the distributional methods were presented, though numerous participants did express dissatisfaction. Following this consultation the EPA released a final national allocation methodology, which set out the set of rules by which allocations would be made to individual installations. 

These were partly operating as CCGT and partly as cogeneration installations. Two allocation methodologies were used, one for each part... 

Some of the objections to the NAP criticised the allocation methodology used, claiming that a benchmarking approach would be more appropriate and that there had not been a special treatment of cleaner technologies and early action. The short time available to carry out the allocation would have made it difficult to elaborate accurate benchmarks. It would also have been politically difficult to apply benchmarking because it would have been rejected by firms in sectors where it was technically feasible (e.g. the electricity sector), given the opposing views on allocation between firms. 

Consultations with the European Commission resulted in an update of the total allocation figure with minor adjustments for those elements that were not accepted by the Commissions (mainly ex-post adjustments). However, a micro economic decision on the allocation to individual installations was not explicitly made and was the subject of the second round of discussions at the domestic level. In general terms, adjustments of the allocation methodology were allowed, but they had to respect the relevant Commission decision. 

Individual corrections, however, are used in the latest version of the allocation plan, but in a completely different form. The modification of allocation methodology includes respecting emissions in 2004 that were available as preliminary figures before NAP completion. The allocation formula includes a condition in which should the allocation calculated be lower than the 2004 emissions for a specific installation, the allocation is adjusted to reach this level by deducting a corresponding number of allowances from the others. This means that for... 

Army. 1978a. The hazard ranking and allocation methodology Evaluation of TNT waste waters for continuing research efforts. Technical report 7808. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick. Document no. AD A061770. (author Small MJ). 

Finally, to the extent that corporate targets or baselines are measured from specific years, companies become invested in allocation methodologies or future targets that include these years. For example, in describing its voluntary commitment of a 5% reduction below 2000 levels, the electric power company Cinergy notes ... 

Introduction Theprevious sections dealt with techniques for the identification of hazards and methods for calculating the effects of accidental releases of hazardous materials. This section addresses the methodologies available to analyze and estimate risk, which is a function of both the consequences of an incident and its frequency. The apphcation of these methodologies in most instances is not trivial. A significant allocation of resources is necessary. Therefore, a selection process or risk prioritization process is advised before considering a risk analysis study. 

Electrophoretic methods of separation of LD Tsoenzymes have become routine in clinical laboratories. Efforts are now being made to standardize the methodologies used for LD isoenzymes, particularly by Rosalki (38). The preferred methods are based on electrophoresis on a solid medium, so that the several bands may be scanned instrumentally. Differential isoenzyme inhibition with urea or other inhibitors is based on the fact that the heart LD isoenzyme is more resistant to inhibition than other isoenzymes. However, the analyst then has the problem of allocating the observed degree of inhibition between the different isoenzymes of a given sample, a problem that has not been resolved satisfactorily thus far. Hence, differential inhibition is not as reliable for isoenzyme separation as is electrophoresis. 

Advantages of these methods are that no a priori assumptions about distributions are necessary and that probabilistic decisions can be taken more easily than with -NN. In chemometrics, the method was introduced under the name ALLOC [17, 18]. The methodology was described in detail in a book by Coomans and Broeckaert [19]. The method was developed further by Forina and coworkers [20,21]. 

In the first stage of the LCA analysis, it is necessary to define the objective and the scope of the paper before the actual start [35]. The study goal and scope definition determine the next procedure character and the circumstances in which the study outputs are valid [32]. [36] requires to establish a study goal and scope while the study scope means to determine the product system, the functional unit and system boundaries, to determine allocation rules, the assessment methodology, hypothesis and limits and data quality. 

LCI, where the system is quantified in a strict format of linked processes. Each process is described in terms of the physical inputs and outputs, both economic (raw materials, materials, products) and environmental (extractions from and emissions to the environment). Out of the total, an ecological profile is compiled listing and adding up all extractions and emissions of the system. An important methodological issue is allocation how to deal with multi-output processes This issue is especially important when dealing with waste management processes and will be dealt with below. 

The experiment conducted by the Rand Corporation in the late 1970s, designed as a large-scale experiment in order to overcome this methodological difficulty, is already a classic in the field of health economics.22 It consisted in allocating 16 different 3-5-year health insurance schemes at random to a broad sample of people distributed geographically in six different areas of the USA. The co-payment rates varied from 0 per cent to 95 per cent, depending on the scheme and the services provided. The data supplied by the... 

In sum. Transferable Intellectual Property Rights are a type of reward system that (1) is extremely inefficient in the way it raises funds to reward innovation, (2) offers no plausible methodology according to which it could allocate rewards, and (3) discriminates against small innovative firms in favor of large ones. 

Establishment of codes and standards (Millennium Project). In order to promote the establishment of codes and standards, the project focuses on R D on testing methodologies and data acquisition for PEFC vehicles and stationary PEFC systems. The goal is to promote international standardisation, fuel standard studies, establish performance and safety testing methods for public use, and reviewing of regulations. The 2003 allocation is 3.87 billion. 

Since the publication of ICH E9 there has been considerable debate about the validity of dynamic allocation, even with the random element. There is a school of thought which has some sympathy within regulatory circles that supports the view that the properties of standard statistical methodologies, notably p-values and confidence intervals, are not strictly valid when such allocation schemes are used. As a result regulators are very cautious ... 

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