Alkylammonium sulfonate

Miura and Yoshida also investigated the changes in the microstructure of 1100 EW Nafion sulfonate membranes, in alkali, ammonium, and alkylammonium cation forms, that were induced by swelling in ethanol using DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), SAXS, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). These studies were performed within the context of liquid pervaporation membranes that could potentially be used to separate ethanol from water... 

Tetrabutylammonium(triphenylsilyl)difluorosilicate is a new fluoride source soluble in anhydrous, nonhygroscopic and neutral organic solvents. This reagent converts organic halides and sulfonates into fluorides, however, 4-6 equivalents are required. 1-Iodooctane is converted to 1-fluorooctane (33) in 74% yield, the rest (26%) being the alkene.221 Apparently with tetra-alkylammonium fluorides, the formation of alkenes is generally not completely suppressable. 

Long-chain quaternary alkyl-ammonium phosphates (27) Quaternary alkylammonium and alkylpyridinium mercury amido-sulfonates (28)... 

Equation (6.41) for the current-potential response has been applied to the analysis of different experimental systems of interest. For example, the experimental SCV voltammograms of the two-electron reduction of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQ) in different mixtures of alkylammonium salts obtained at a gold macroelectrode (radius = 0.9mm) with a scan rate v = lOOmVs 1 are shown in Fig. 6.3 when a staircase... 

It may be expected that other, highly structured solvents with a tri-dimensional network of strong hydrogen bonds, would also permit micelle formation by surfactants, but little evidence of such occurrences has been reported. On the other hand, surfactants in non-polar solvents, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons tend to form so-called inverted micelles, but these aggregate in a stepwise manner rather than all at once to a definite average size. In these inverted micelles, formed, e.g., by long-chain alkylammonium salts or dinonyl-naphthalene sulfonates, the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the interior, the alkyl chains, tails, towards the exterior of the micelles (Shinoda 1978). Water and hydrophilic solutes may be solubilized in these inverted micelles in nonpolar solvents, such as hydrocarbons. 

A number of experimental techniques by measurements of physical properties (interfacial tension, surface tension, osmotic pressure, conductivity, density change) applicable in aqueous systems suffer frequently from insufficient sensitivity at low CMC values in hydrocarbon solvents. Some surfactants in hydrocarbon solvents do not give an identifiable CMC the conventional properties of the hydrocarbon solvent solutions of surfactant compounds can be interpreted as a continuous aggregation from which the apparent aggregation number can be calculated. Other, quite successful, techniques (light scattering, solubilization, fluorescence indicator) were applied to a number of CMCs, e.g., alkylammonium salts, carboxylates, sulfonates and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)succinate (AOT) in hydrocarbon solvents, see Table 3.1 (Eicke, 1980 Kertes, 1977 Kertes and Gutman, 1976 Luisi and Straub, 1984 Preston, 1948). 

Arco have developed an integrated process for the production of industrially important epoxides via an adapted AO process (Figure 1.13).33 34 A sulfonic acid substituted alkylhydroanthraquinone alkylammonium salt is reacted with molecular oxygen to form the alkylanthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is then reacted with an alkene in the presence of a titanium zeolite catalyst (TS-1 see Chapter 4). The epoxide product is then separated, and the anthraquinone salt recycled to a hydrogenator for reaction with... 

Interdigitation of the organic substituent of the sulfonate ions on adjacent layers and ionic hydrogen bonding predictably leads to a broad series of laminar architectures. It should be noted that there are several key differences between guanadinium sulfonates and alkylammonium trimesates ... 

Certain nitriles add amines to form N-substituted amidines. This reaction has been modified and extended through the use of ammonia and alkyl- or aryl-ammonium salts of sulfonic acids. Many amidines have been prepared in yields ranging from 13% to 86%. Some amidines are obtained in better yields by heating a cyanide with ammonium thiocyanate or an alkylammonium thiocyanate."... 

Alkenes may be obtained by elimination reactions from alkyl haUdes, alcohols, sulfonates or amines. The substitution pattern of the alkene and the stereospecificity of these methods depend quite subtly on the structure of the individual substrate. If the leaving group occupies an unsymmetrical position in a compound, one of two isomeric alkenes can be formed (Scheme 3.1). Elimination to give an alkene bearing the greatest number of alkyl groups is known as the Saytzeff elimination and is commonly found with alkyl halides. When the elimination gives preferentially the less-substituted alkene, it is known as the Hofmann elimination This substitution pattern is commonly foimd with the elimination of alkylammonium salts. In practice, mixtures of alkenes are often obtained. 

A large variety of ILs of high purity with water content below lOOppm and halide content below lOppm are now available commercially. These include numerous iV-alkylpyridinium, 7V,7V -dialkylimidazolium, alkylammonium and alkylphosphonium salts, covalent hydrophobic ILs (e.g. l,2-dimethyl-3-propyliniidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, task-specific ILs, Bronsted acidic ILs (e.g. 3-[triphenylphosphonio]propane-l-sulfonic acid tosylate), nitrile-fiinction sed ILs, perfluorinated ILs (e.g. tetrabutylammonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate, BASF Basionics (e.g. 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate), and TOMATS for heavy metal extraction (e.g. methyltrioctylammonium thiosalicylate)... 

Many sulfones, e.g., diaryl, alkyl aryl, and alkyl benzyl sulfones, but not dialkyl sulfones, are cleaved to sulfinates and compounds RH with surprising ease and under mild conditions and in good yield when treated with tetra-alkylammonium generated from the tetramethylammonium ion on a mercury cathode.648... 

Sulfonated dyes were among the first compounds to illustrate the benefits of ESI-MS.The analysis of dyes by LC-MS is a seasoned field (reviewed, for example, by Yinon et al.and LC-MS is frequently used to analyze dyes, especially sulfonated azodyes.These anionic species can best be detected with ESI-MS in the negative ion mode. A common feature of polysulfonated dyes is the formation of multiply charged molecular anions with variable numbers of sodium. Adding di- or tri-alkylammonium cations to the eluent helps suppress the formation of... 

When the percentage of DVB is low, 2 to 4%, the network is open and the extent of swelling with water is high. Resins with 8% DVB are very popular and are structurally stronger but still imbibe water. In its hydrated form, this resin acts like a gel which, by the levels of sulfonate or tetra-alkylammonium ions present, simulate a strong electrolyte of from 3 to 5M... 

Na (K) -alkyl 1-sulfates or -sulfonates Na -alkane-1-sulfonates Na -alkane-l-sulfonates Na -alkane-l-sulfonates Na n-alkyl-1-sulfates Na -alkyl-l-sulfates Na n-alkyl-2-sulfates Na p- -alkylbenzene sulfonates Na p- -alkylbenzene sulfonates /i-Alkylammonium chlorides /i-Alkylammonium chlorides /i-Alkytrimethylammonium bromides /i-Alkyltrimethylammonium chlorides (in 0.1 M NaCl)... 

In normal phase liquid chromatography, systems of this kind have been utilized to separate and monitor alkylammonium ions and dipeptides on columns containing naphthalenesulfonate in the stationary phase [3]. For carboxylic and sulfonic acids, dimethylprotriptyline has been used as the counter-ion [16]. Acetylcholine was isolated and measured as the picrate ion-pair in an extract from rat sciatic nerve [17], In reversed phase liquid chromatography, detection by the ion-pair technique has been performed via the presence of detectable ionic probe in the aqueous mobile phase. More recently this indirect detection method has developed very rapidly for organic ionized compounds, such as carboxylic acids, amines and amino acids [18, 19], and for inorganic anions [20, 21]. 

Linear alkylbeneze sulfonates (LAS) and carboxylic degradation products, cationic alkylammonium and alkylbenzyidimethylammonium surfactants Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)... 

This three volume series contains equilibrium data on liquid-liquid distribution reactions. The equilibria of concern Include distribution, dissociation and aggregation of the extractant, reactions of the extractant with diluents and with other solvents, extraction of the water, equilibria of the extraction metal Ions, and extraction of metal ions with the extractant as the ligand. Volumes 1 and 2 cover organophosphorous extractions and alkylammonium salt extractants, respectively. Volume 3 deals with distribution reactions of carboxylic and sulfonic acid extractants, and the distribution of Inorganic acids, salts, and complexes between aqueous solutions and both Inert solvents and solvents which have oxygen donor atoms. Each reaction entry Includes the equilibrium constant, the temperature for which the data exists, the conditions, and a reference(s) to the source literature. 

Cationic (Pc) and anionic (Pa) ionomers of polyacetylene have been synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). For the ROMP process, tungsten alkylidene (16a in Scheme 17.10) is used as a catalyst, and alkylammonium and sulfonate functionalized cyclo-octatetraenes (16b) are used as starting monomer materials to obtain Pc and Pa, respectively. The monomer is prepared by adding 150 mg (0.04 mmol) of... 

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