Aryl ammonium salts

Certain nitriles add amines to form N-substituted amidines. This reaction has been modified and extended through the use of ammonia and alkyl- or aryl-ammonium salts of sulfonic acids. Many amidines have been prepared in yields ranging from 13% to 86%. Some amidines are obtained in better yields by heating a cyanide with ammonium thiocyanate or an alkylammonium thiocyanate."... 

Metallic stannides can react with aryl halides,9 11 or phenols via the aryl dialkyl phosphates,12 13 or aryl ammonium salts,14 in a photostimulated SrnI reaction, for example ... 

When an alkyl aryl ketone is heated with yellow ammonium polysulphide solution at an elevated temperature, an aryl substituted aliphatic acid amide is foimed the product actually isolated is the amide of the ci-aryl carboxylic acid together with a smaller amount of the corresponding ammonium salt of the oarboxylio acid. Thus acetophenone affords phenylacetamide (50 per cent.) and ammonium phenylacetate (13 per cent.) ... 

Quantum (Section 13 1) The energy associated with a photon Quaternary ammonium salt (Section 22 1) Salt of the type R4N X The positively charged ion contains a nitrogen with a total of four organic substituents (any combination of alkyl and aryl groups)... 

Rearrangement of arylamines or aryl alkyl ammonium salts... 

H). On the other hand, the synthesis of unsymmetricaUy iV,iV -substituted congeners is less straightforward as a functionalised imidazole has to be isolated prior to alkylation or arylation. Two main methods are available for imidazole functionaU-sation deprotonation with metalUc Na or K leading to an imidazoUde (I) followed by reaction with RX or reaction of glyoxal with a primary amine, an ammonium salt and formaldehyde (J). Al-functionalised imidazole can then be alkylated or... 

Ammonium salts of alkenyl succinic half-amides have teen described for use as corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production technology to combat corrosion by media containing CO2, H2S, and elemental sulfur [1366]. The inhibitor composition may contain a dispersing agent, such as a low molecular weight or polymeric anionic surfactant like an alkylsulfonic acid or an alkyl-aryl sulfonic acid. 

Quaternary ammonium salts are organically substituted nitrogen compounds in which the nitrogen atom is pentavalent. Four of the substituents are alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic radicals and the fifth is an anion (a cationic charge). This anion is mostly chloride. Therefore we call them benzalkonium chlorides. 

Benzylic quaternary phosphonium and ammonium salts are dealky-lated by mild heating and/or nucleophilic anions, particularly iodide (9) and thiolate (10), but also hydroxide (11). Most N-benzyl-pyridinium or quaternary aryl ammonium compounds are particularly susceptible (12). Decompositions of this sort have seriously limited the usefulness of solid phase-transfer catalysts derived from (chloromethyl)polystyrene (13, 14). 

Aryl vinyl ketones are produced thermally from the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts via Hofmann elimination. However, the conjugated ketones are heat-sensitive and polymerization is difficult to avoid. Traditional preparations afforded only moderate yields. Microwave conditions were established for Hofmann eliminations, performed essentially quantitatively, by batch or continuous processes. 

Partitioning of carbocations between addition of nucleophiles and deprotonation, 35, 67 Perchloro-organic chemistry structure, spectroscopy and reaction pathways, 25, 267 Permutations isomerization of pentavalent phosphorus compounds, 9, 25 Phase-transfer catalysis by quaternary ammonium salts, 15, 267 Phenylnitrenes, Kinetics and spectroscopy of substituted, 36, 255 Phosphate esters, mechanism and catalysis of nucleophilic substitution in, 25, 99 Phosphorus compounds, pentavalent, turnstile rearrangement and pseudoration in permutational isomerization, 9, 25 Photochemistry, of aryl halides and related compounds, 20, 191 Photochemistry, of carbonium ions, 9, 129... 

Triorganostannyl anions are excellent nucleophiles in SrnI processes with aromatic substrates,86 and arylstannanes can be prepared from the photostimulated reactions of Ph3SnNa or Me3SnNa (from R3SnCl + Na) and aryl halides in DMSO, or of aryl amines, via their ammonium salts,88 in liquid ammonia, or of phenols, via their phosphates, in liquid ammonia.89 Examples are given in Equations (11)—(13). 

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