Alkyl, amines Properties

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

Bis(bromomethyl)-5//-dibenz[/), / ]azepines, e.g. 12, prepared by free-radical bromination of the 10,11-dimethyl compound with yV-bromosuccinimide, on treatment with a primary alkyl-amine followed by alkaline hydrolysis, yield l,2,3,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[. /]pyrrolo[3,4-<7]-azepines, e.g. 13, which possess useful pharmacological properties.91,163... 

In copolymers containing the styrene sulfonate moiety and maleic anhydride units, the maleic anhydride units can be functionalized with alkyl amine [1411-1416]. The water-soluble polymers impart enhanced deflocculation characteristics to the mud. Typically, the deflocculants are relatively low-molecular-weight polymers composed of styrene sodium sulfonate monomer maleic anhydride, as the anhydride and/or the diacid and a zwitterionic functionalized maleic anhydride. Typically the molar ratio of styrene sulfonate units to total maleic anhydride units ranges from 3 1 to 1 1. The level of alkyl amine functionalization of the maleic anhydride units is 75 to 100 mole-percent. The molar concentrations of sulfonate and zwitterionic units are not necessarily equivalent, because the deflocculation properties of these water-soluble polymers can be controlled via changes in their ratio. 

In the previous analysis for the second quadrant amines, there was evidence that the presence of an aromatic ring (BzAM) increased competition with the deactivating intermediate(s) and significantly the amount of DHQ obtained. The study was thus extended to other aromatic amines aniline (AN), 2-ethylaniline (2-ETAN), 3-ethylaniline (3-ETAN) and N-ethylaniline (N-ETAN). These amines are not classified in the literature analysis of amine properties (16), although aniline and pyridine were studied by statistical analysis of their solvent properties and classified in the same sector (16). By analogy, we hypothesize that these model aromatic amines should be classified in the second sector. Thus, they may aid in an understanding of the specific role of the aromatic ring and the effect of an alkyl substituent. 

Quaternary ammonium iodides are attractive choices because they generally have good activity, low cost, and solubility in the reaction and recovery processes. Simple quaternization of the wide variety of available tri(n-alkyl) amines with n-alkyl iodides allows optimization of the tetra(n-alkyl) ammonium iodide salt properties ... 

The preparation of N-alkyl imides by exchange reaction of an imide with an alkyl amine was documented [104] well before the application of this chemistry to the preparation of polyimides [105], see Scheme 30. Although no experimental details are provided, the initial reaction of pyromellitimide with p,p-methylene dianiline in NMP takes place at reflux temperatures to apparently yield a poly(amic amide). Subsequent heating of this intermediate at elevated temperatures ( 300 °C) provides the desired polyimide with evolution of ammonia. The final polyimide is quoted to be thermally and chemically stable, however, no mechanical properties are given. 

Sulfonamides (R2NS02R ) are prepared from an amine and sulfonyl chloride in the presence of pyridine or aqueous base.1 The sulfonamide is one of the most stable nitrogen protective groups. Arylsulfonamides are stable to alkaline hydrolysis, and to catalytic reduction they are cleaved by Na/NH3,2 Na/butanol/ sodium naphthalenide,4 or sodium anthracenide,5 and by refluxing in acid (48% HBr/cat. phenol).6 Sulfonamides of less basic amines such as pyrroles and indoles are much easier to cleave than are those of the more basic alkyl amines. In fact, sulfonamides of the less basic amines (pyrroles, indoles, and imidazoles) can be cleaved by basic hydrolysis, which is almost impossible for the alkyl amines. Because of the inherent differences between the aromatic — NH group and simple aliphatic amines, the protection of these compounds (pyrroles, indoles, and imidazoles) will be described in a separate section. One appealing property of sulfonamides is that the derivatives are more crystalline than amides or caibamates. 

The phosphoramidite derivative of N-nitrothymidine (44) has been synthesised and found suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis using a standard phosphite triester solid phase approach. The N-nitrothymidine residues could be converted into a range of N -modified thymidines by reaction with primary alkyl amines. Phosphoramidite derivatives of 4-nitroindazole N and N -(2 -deoxy-p-D-ribofuranosides) (45, 46) have been synthesised, their base pairing properties investigated and found to show ambiguous base pairing. Seela has also reported the syntheses of the phosphoramidite derivatives of 8-aza-7-adenine... 

The existence of such an inner salt is well established by the physical properties of many amino acids and by the chemical reactions of the higher alkylated amino derivatives formed by converting the primary amine group into secondary and tertiary alkyl amine groups. 

RMI-81968 (6), a l,3-benzydloxol-5-yl substituted alkyl amine possessing both 8- and a-blocking activities, has been reported to also produce direct vasodilation. A similar structure, 7, WIN 40808-7 (sulfinalol), possesses vasodilator action in addition to 8-receptor blocking properties. 7 Both 8-blocklng action and vasodllatory activity have been reported for 2-phenyl- and 2-pyrldyl-4-trifluromethyl-lmi-dazoles, and. 88,89... 

Mascharak and co-workers have developed a synthetic analogue system for bleomycin (106, 109-112). In this system, the coordinating functions of BLM (alkyl amines, pyrimidine, peptide nitrogen, and imidazole) are combined in a minimal conf uration for modeling BLM within a ligand termed PMA". In addition to iron, bleomycin also coordinates copper and cobalt, and studies of these forms have been pursued as a source of new information on the physiologically relevant mechanism (17,18 96). The Cu(PMA) complex has been structurally characterized (Fig. 7) (109, 111), and its electronic properties mimic well those of Cu-BLM (113). As with Cu-BLM, a pH-dependent conformational equilihrium exists that interconverts Cu(PMA) with a di-... 

Because the delta chi indexes, A x> emphasize the role of the nonsigma electrons, they have become important in relating to properties which are more dependent on lone pair and 7t electrons. The delta chi indexes introduced above have also been found useful in an analysis of the ionization potentials of a set of 24 alkyl amines, alcohols, and ethers. The delta chi for the first three orders are defined as above. 

Both anionic and cationic type long-chain reagents are widely used in flotation as collectors. These include carboxylates, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl amines and ehelating agents. Most minerals, except sulfides, require long-ehain eolleetors for their flotation. The behavior of long-chain collectors in solution is determined by the properties of the polar heads and hydrophobic tails and their resultant solvent power. 

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