Ipecacuanha alkaloids

Distribution of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Ipecacuanha Alkaloids Biosynthesis... 

Colchicum alkaloids Some curare alkaloids Ipecacuanha alkaloids... 

Tyrosine-derived alkaloids (ipecacuanha alkaloids or ipecac alkaloids) are found in dried rhizome and in the... 

There is a relatively large number of alkaloids which maybe considered as simple phenethyl amine [64-04-0] (59, R = H), CgH N, or tyramine [51-67-2] (59, R = OH), CgH NO, derivatives. These iaclude mescaline (61) from the small wooly peyotyl cactus l ophophora mlliamsii (L emaire) Coult. anhalamine (62) and lophocerine (63) from other Cactaceae, and the important antamebic alkaloids (—)-protoemetiae (64), (—)-ipecoside (65), and (—)-emetine (66) from the South American straggling bush Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brotero) Rich. AH of these bases appear to be derived from tyrosiae (25,... 

Ipecac is prepared from the dried roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich, and contains the alkaloids emetine [483-18-1] (17) and cephaeJine [483-17-0] (18) in a ratio between 2 1 and 4 1. It has been used extensively in cough preparations and is beheved to act by gastric reflex stimulation. Toxic effects include vomiting, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and cardiac arrhythmias (19). Ipecac symp is available over-the-counter in the United States only in 30-mL containers for use as an emetic in treating poisonings. 

Emetine andcephaeline, the two major alkaloids of ipecacuanha, begin to fluoresce after treatment with iodine vapor [254], The molecular iodine, which acts as a quencher, must be removed by heating in the drying cupboard or on a hotplate... 

The roots of Cephcelis Ipecacuanha (Brot) A. Rich constitute the Brazilian ipecacuanha of commerce and also that cultivated in the Federated Malay States, Bengal and Burma. Carthagena ipecacuanha is derived from Cephcelis acuminata Karsten collected in Colombia. Emetine, the principal alkaloid of this drug, was first obtained by Pelletier and Magendie in 1817, but was first prepared in a pure state by Paul and Cownley, who separated from commercial emetine the phenolic base, cephaeline, and later obtained a third alkaloid, psychotrine. To these Pyman added emetamine and 0-methylpsychotrine. 

A method for the estimation of the total alkaloids and of non-phenolic alkaloids (emetine fraction) is given in the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932, Addendum VI, which requires the drug to contain not less than 2 per cent, of alkaloids, of which at least 55 per cent, must be non-phenolic bases, calculated as emetine. The British Pharmacopoeia also gives an assay process for emetine in emetine bismuth iodide, the form in which the drug is chiefly used in medicine it is required to contain not less than 25 and not more than 28 per cent, of emetine. In the United States Pharmacopoeia, XIII, both Cephcelis Ipecacuanha and C. acuminata are recognised and must contain not less than 2 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. 

Owing to the frequency with which the botanical attribution of ipecacuanha has been changed, and to the considerable number of substitutes which have from time to time appeared, it is difficult to summarise briefly the botanical distribution of the ipecacuanha alkaloids, and readers interested in this subject may be referred to Staub for information and references. Freise states that emetine and the allied bases are to be found in certain Rubiaceous spp. not usually regarded as sources of these alkaloids, and Orazi has stated that the roots of Bourreria... 

Two minor alkaloids of ipecacuanha, ipecamine and hydroipecamine, have been described by Hesse, and are discussed by Pyman. ... 

Ipecacuanha, alkaloids, 394 interrelationships, 397 therapeutic uses, 402 Ipecaniine, 397 Iponuea aidoefolia, 781 Isatidine, 601, 603 constitution, 612... 

Alkaloids of Curare Curine, Tubocurarine, Protocuridine, Calabash-curare I, etc., including Erythrina alkaloids Alkaloids of Ipecacuanha. ... 

Note Under the conditions employed emetine and cephaeline were not well separated but there was good resolution of the subsidiary alkaloids of the ipecacuanha tincture (Fig. 1). The separation and quantitative determination of the main alkaloids (Fig. 2) can be carried out under the following conditions Ascending, one-dimensional development in a trough chamber with chamber saturation layer HPTLC plates Silica gel 60 (Merck) mobile phase dichloromethane — methanol — ammonia solution (25%) (34+6+1) migration distance 6 cm running time 13 min h/ f cephaeline 65-70 emetine 75-80. 

Iodine starch inclusion compounds 46 Iodine vapor reagent 46, 64, 78 2-Iodoestrone 66 Ipecacuanha alkaloids 46, 263 Ipecacuanhae radix extract 263 Iron cadons 144, 217, 311 Iron(IIl) chloride reagent 170,216,314 Iron(III) thiocyanate reagent 170 Isoascorbic acid 376 Isoleucine 246,247... 

Another class of alkaloids recently synthesized by Tietze and coworkers using a three-component domino Knoevenagel/hetero-Diels-Alder reaction included the Ipecacuanha alkaloids such as emetine (2-798) [402], and the Alangium alkaloids such as tubulosine (2-799) [403]. Both types belong to the group of tetrahydroi-soquinoline alkaloids, and are formed in Nature from dopamine and the monoter-... 

Ipecac Alkaloid Induces vomiting Psychotria ipecacuanha... 

Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or Cephaelis acuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America that have the alkaloid emetine as their active principal ingredient. It acts directly on the CTZ and also indirectly by irritating the gastric mucosa. Ipecac is cardiotoxic if absorbed and can cause cardiac conduction disturbances, atrial fibrillation, or fatal myocarditis. If emesis does not occur, gastric lavage using a nasogastric tube must be performed. 

Emetine and dehydroemetine are natural alkaloid obtained from Cephaelis ipecacuanha and synthetic analog respectively. They are effective against tissue trophozoites of . histolytica. It has no effect on cysts but effective in amoebic liver abscess also. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis by arresting intraribosome translocation of tRNA-amino acid complex. Dehydroemetine is less toxic than emetine and very effective drug for tissue amoebiasis. It is more rapidly eliminated from the body than emetine. 

Several alkaloids of the phenylethylamine, morphine and Ipecacuanha classes can be detected directly with DNS-C1 [121-124]. This reagent reacts with the primary and secondary amino groups or phenolic hydroxyl groups of the alkaloids to form highly fluorescent derivatives, nanogram amounts of which may be detected after chromatographic separation. 

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