Alkaline-Detergent Solution

Degrease using the procedure described in Section 6.2.1 (use caution, because contaminants, such as metal particles, oils, etc., may result in a fire or explosion hazard) 

Immerse for 10 min at 60—71 °C in an alkaline-detergent solution, described in Table 6.12 

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Aqueous cleaning, in which spraying of aqueous acidic or alkaline detergent solutions is followed by normal and deionized water rinses. Strong detergents dissolve greases, oils and possibly oxides. It is necessary to rinse thoroughly to avoid later attacks. 

These are mainly in the preservation of foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, although there is a certain sensitization potential. PHBA alkyl esters are also used for the in-can protection of technical functional fluids, when one looks for particular odourless and colourless preservatives. Using PHBA alkyl esters for the protection of non-ionic surfactant solutions one has to bear in mind that binding effects may occur which reduce the antimicrobial efficacy. This is valid for anionic alkaline detergent solutions, too. Macromolecules, e.g. saccharosee-sters, polyoxy-40-stearate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, are also able to... 

Aluminum soaps, such as aluminum palmitate or aluminum stearate, are insoluble in water but dissolve in an alkaline detergent solution. Therefore, the washfastness of the water-repellent finishes made with aluminum soaps is poor. Because zirconium soaps are more hydrophobic and resistant to alkali than aluminum soaps, the durability of repellency was improved by replacing the aluminum with zirconium in the form of the acetate [4] or the oxychloride the latter was buffered with sodium acetate to protect the fabric against HCl formed by hydrolysis of ZrOCl 2. 

Tin is anodic to steel in alkaline solutions, the corrosion rate for a continuous coating being similar to that of pure tin, and tinned articles that are washed in aerated alkaline detergents slowly lose their coating. 

Several cleaning methods are used to remove the densified gel layer of retained material from the membrane surface. Alkaline solutions followed by hot detergent solutions are indicated for organic polymer colloids and gelatinous materials fouling. Ferrous deposits, t3 pical in water treatments, are usually removed with a citric or hydrochloric wash. [35]. 

Synthetic Detergent Solutions (or Alkaline Cleansing Agents)... 

Alkaline cleaning solutions contain builders (sodium salts of phosphates, carbonates, silicates, and hydroxides) and surfactants (detergents and soaps). Other additives may include anti-oxidants and stabilizers as well as small amounts of solvents. Acidic cleaning solutions may contain mineral acids (nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric, or hydrochloric), organic... 

An alkali-detergent solution is used during the recovery of plasmid DNA. The alkaline pH causes the chromosomal DNA to be irreversibly denatured while the plasmid is reversibly denatured. The mixture is subsequently neutralized by the addition of a suitable reagent. At neutral pH, the plasmid DNA renatures and remains in solution while the denatured chromosomal DNA precipitates, forming a complex network with other materials, such as proteins and cell debris. The precipitated material flocculates and transforms into a porous gel over a period of 1 to 2 hours. The gel slowly floats to the surface, leaving behind in the solution the plasmid DNA and the fine particulates. 

For removal of insoluble and/or water-immiscible inorganics by emulsification with detergent solutions For removal of ester and amide-based organics and inorganic salts by chemical hydrolysis with alkaline solutions For removal of metal ions from solutions and surfaces by chelation or complexation reactions For wetting and dispersion of soils with surfactants, suspension of soil residues in order to prevent resedimentation and recontamination on metal surface For removal of surface contaminations, rust scale, mill scale, and other bound moieties (including surface layers of metal itself) by chemical dissolution with acids or alkaline deoxidation with or without the application of an electric current... 

Cleaning of the membrane was performed with 0.3 wt% nitric acid at 45 °C and the alkaline detergent Ultrasil 11 at 0.25 wt% and 55 °C. The membrane flux did not always fully recover after each chemical cleaning. A 200 mg/L CI2 solution administered as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) would, however, restore the original flux. 

In addition to the blank, which received no special cleaning, treatments with concentrated hydrochloric acid, chromic acid cleaning solution, and l%Alconox solution (an alkaline detergent) were employed. 

Rinsing plastics in special formulated (detergent) solutions (aqueous alkaline solutions with surfactants) can also help in odour removal, in particular in the elimination of vinyl monomers, styrene, acrylates and acrylics, as well as unsaturated hydrocarbons. 

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