Alexandrium dinoflagellates toxicity

Agelasine, 320 Aiptasia pallida, 304,310 Aiptasia species, toxic protein, 321 Aiptasiolysin, 304,310 Alexandrium dinoflagellates clones, 36,38-3 saxitoxin source, 21 toxicity, 36... 

Colin SP, Dam HG (2002) Latitudinal differentiation in the effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. on the feeding and reproduction of populations of the copepod Arcatia hudsonica. Harmful Algae 1 113-125... 

Caretto JI, Lutz VA, De Marco SG, Carignan MO (1990) Fluence and wavelength dependence of mycosporine-like amino acid synthesis in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum. In Graneli E, Edler L, Sundstrom B, Anderson DM (eds) Toxic marine phytoplankton. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 275-279... 

K. Metfies, S. Huljic, M. Lange and L.K. Medlin, Electrochemical detection of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii with a DNA-bio-sensor, Biosens. Bioelectron., 20 (2005) 1349-1357. 

Carreto, J. I., Lutz, V. A., De Marco, S. G., and Carignan, M. O., Fluence and wavelength dependence of mycosporine amino acid synthesis in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum, in Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Graneli, E., Sundstrom, B., Edler, L., and Anderson, D. M., Eds., Elsevier, New York, 1990, 275. 

Moestrup, 0., and Hansen, P.J. 1988. On the occurrence of the potentially toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (=Gonyaulax excavatd) and4. ostenfeldii in Danish and Faroese waters. Ophelia 28,195—213. 

J.I. Carreto, M.O. Carignan, N.G. Montoya (2001). Comparative studies on mycosporine-like amino acids, paralytic shellfish toxins and pigment profiles of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense, A. catanella and A. minutum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 223,49-60. 

Matsuda, A., Nishijima, T. and Fukami, K. (1999) Effects of nitrogenous and phosphorus nutrients on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 65, 847-855. 

The mouse bioassay (MBA) was developed 70 years ago by Sommer and Meyer as part of their pioneering work that related the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Gonyaulax) as a causative agent of PSP (see Wekell et al ). At the time, the identity of the paralyzing toxic compounds was not known and the MBA remained for several years as a field test to help health officials manage toxic outbreaks in Alaska and British Columbia.Only after a purified saxitoxin dihydrochloride was made available in 1950 was it possible to calibrate the assay, and the AOAC accepted the new version of the MBA as an official method. Reasons for the sustained application of the MBA lie in its simplicity of application, relatively low cost, and availability of test protocols to calibrate mice strains to compare operator performance and to perform repeatability and reproducibility studies (National Shellfish Sanitation Program, USA ). 

Hansen, P.I., Cembella, A.D., and Moeshup, 0. The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii paralytic shellfish toxin concenhation, composition and toxicity to a tintinnid ciliate. J. Phycol, 28, 597-603, 1992. 

Jensen, M. and Moestrup, 0 Autecology of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii life history and growth at different temperatures and salinities, Eur. J. PlrycoL, 32, 9-18, 1997. 

John U. et al. Discrimination of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and A. ostenfeldii in co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters, Eur. J. Phycol. 38, 25, 2003. 

Sako, Y. et al.. Specific monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes for the identification of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium, in 6th International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton, Oct 1993, Lassus, P. et al. Lavoisier Publishing, Nantes, France, 1995, p. 77. 

Sako Y, Naya N, Yoshida Y, Kim CH, Ushida A, Ishida Y (1995) Studies on stability and heredity of PSP toxin composition in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium. In Lassus P, Arzul G, Erard P, Gentien C, Marcaillou-Le Baut C (eds) Harmful marine algal blooms, Nantes (France). Lavoisier Publishing, London/Paris/New York, pp 345-350... 

Dyhrman S.T. and Anderson D.M. 2003. Urease activity in cultures and field populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48 647-655. 

L. K. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of selected toxic and non-toxic bacterial strains isolated from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 24, 251-257. 

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