Alcohols unsaturated—

Sulfation andSulfamation. Sulfamic acid can be regarded as an ammonia—SO. complex and has been used thus commercially, always in anhydrous systems. Sulfation of mono-, ie, primary and secondary, alcohols polyhydric alcohols unsaturated alcohols phenols and phenolethylene oxide condensation products has been performed with sulfamic acid (see Sulfonation and sulfation). The best-known appHcation of sulfamic acid for sulfamation is the preparation of sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-05-9] which is a synthetic sweetener (see Sweeteners). 

Bi Bi on carbon, organic salt Various alcohols Unsaturated 68,174,... 

Impurities consist of unreacted material, including alkanes and internal or branched alkenes, and other material which can be detected in the neutral oil fraction of AOS. Examination of this fraction also indicates the amount of unhydrolyzed material (sulfonate esters and sultones) and byproducts (secondary alcohols, unsaturated and 2-chloro-y-sultones) in the sample. Salt calculations are made to determine inorganic sulfates and sodium chloride. Determinations for alkalinity, color, and water are required to meet product... 

Substrate Conversion [%] Saturated ketone [%] Saturated alcohol [%] Unsaturated Selectivity alcohol [%] [%] ... 

The alcohol-unsaturate couplings developed in our laboratory provide products of carbonyl addition. In contrast, related hydrogen auto-transfer processes provide products of alcohol substitution via pathways involving oxidation-condensation-reduction and the use of preactivated nucleophiles. For recent reviews, see [22-25]. 

Free and esterified, saturated primary alcohols occur widely in nature, e.g., in fruit. Since their odor is relatively weak, their use as components in fragrance compositions is limited. Their use in aroma compositions, especially for fruit flavors, is by far more important (e.g., straight-chain C4-C10 alcohols, isoamyl alcohol). Unsaturated alcohols are most important (e.g., leaf alcohol with its intensely green odor) and may impart characteristic notes to compositions. 

The substituent in the /3-position to the carbonyl group in a fully substituted ketopyranose residue is, therefore, readily eliminated, regardless of whether the carbonyl group is at C-2, C-3, C-4, or C-6. When the carbonyl group is at C-4, the substituent at C-2 is eliminated in preference to that at C-6, provided, of course, that the leaving groups are otherwise similar. When the reaction is performed in an alcohol, unsaturated sugar derivatives are obtained, with the exception... 

Some organics, acetic anhydride, metals, alcohols, wood and its derivatives (see the other tables in this chapter dealing with this compound) Aldehydes, alcohols, unsaturated hydrocarbons Flammable liquids, metals, aldehydes, alcohols, impact, hydrocarbons (unsaturated)... 

Oxidations with peimanganates are suitable for the preparation of carboxylic acids from saturated and benzylic alcohols. Unsaturated alcohols may suffer cleavage of double bonds. Conventional oxidations are carried out in aqueous media, usually in the presence of alkali hydroxides. Thus... 

The reaction may proceed as homo- or cross-dehydrodimerization [105] and takes place with a wide range of substituted substrates such as higher alcohols, ethers, silanes, and partially fluorinated alcohols and ethers, but also with ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and amines [106]. Besides the formation of 1,2-diols from saturated alcohols, unsaturated substrates are also dimerized under hydrogen to form l,n-diols other than the 1,2-isomers [107]. The regio-selectivity of the diols is controlled by the formation of the most stable radical, which then dimerizes. 

The most pronounced change in relative adsorptivity with a change in solvent was observed (77) for the pair of substrates unsaturated alcohol-unsaturated hydrocarbon. The sorption of olefins was preferred in polar solvents (low values of the parameter ), while in nonpolar solvents (high values of the same parameter) unsaturated alcohols were preferably sorbed. An explanation may be seen in an interaction between the solvent and the... 

This reaction is reversible that is, under appropriate conditions a fatty acid ester can react with water to produce a fatty acid and an alcohol. Unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds can undergo hydrogenation reactions to form saturated fatty acids. Finally, unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidative attack. (This feature of fatty acid chemistry is described in Chapter 12.)... 

Ketone or aldehyde Temp., op Feed ratio moles alcohol Flow rate g. moles/ Conversion of unsaturated aldehyde or ketone to unsaturated alcohol, % Unsaturated alcohol yield, % of aldehyde... 

There are also possibilities to detect other species with the gas sensitive field effect structures. Palladium gate devices are, e.g., sensitive to H2, H2S and at elevated temperatures also to, e.g., alcohols. Although IrTMOS structures, when operated up to 200°C, are highly selective to NH3 (only H2, low molecular amines and water vapor will interfere), it has been shown that PtTMOS structures operated at temperatures above 170°C are sensitive to a various degree also to alcohols, unsaturated hydrocarbones, ketones, and also some other organic compounds.It is therefore possible to use the ideas presented in this paper also for other than ammonia producing enzyme-substrate pairs. 

Tertiary alcohols, unsaturated hydrocarbons, amines, ethers, and ketones give a negative test within the 2-s time frame for observing the color change. Aldehydes, however, give a positive test, since they are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids. 

The electrocatalytic activity of ECP films containing a dispersed catalyst has been used for the detection or transformation of other target molecular analytes, such as alcohols, unsaturated organic compounds, and others. 

Pseudomonads are undoubtedly the most versatile accumulators of PHAs. The syntheses by P. oleovorans of four- to twelve-carbon monomers (R = CH3 to (CH2)gCH3) from n-alkanes, n-alkanoates and n-alcohols, unsaturated monomers from n-alkenes, and of branched-side-chain units from branched substrates, have been reviewed [78], along with PH A accumulation from n-alkanoic acids by other pseudomonads. Huisman et al. [99] advanced that the capacity to accumulate a wide range of PHAs with very little or no 3HB units were a distinguishing trait of fluorescent pseudomonads. The composition of PHA monomers synthesized by pseudomonads is related to that of their substrates, with most units containing 2 carbon atoms less than the carbon source. 

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