Albumin-based nanoparticles

Xu R, Fisher M, Juliano RL (2011) Targeted albumin-based nanoparticles for delivery of amphipathic drugs. Bioconjug Chem 22 870-878. doi 10.1021/bcl002295... 

Elzoghby, A.O., Sarny, W.M., Elgindy, N.A. Albumin-based nanoparticles as potential controlled release drug delivery systems. J. Controlled Release 157(2), 168-182 (2012)... 

Li HF, Zeng HL, Chen ZF, Lin JM (2009) Chip-based enantioselective open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using bovine serum albumin-gold nanoparticle conjugates as the stationary phase. Electrophoresis 30 1022-1029... 

As a further important topic regarding intravenous administration the interaction of GMO-based systems with blood and blood components has also been studied. Information about the hemolytic potential of such particles is scarce and rather controversial. While Landh and Larsson claimed compatibility with red blood cells (without, however, providing experimental data) another study indicated an increased hemolytic potential as compared to phospholipid-stabilized fat emulsions. A very detailed study concerning the interaction of GMO/PX407-based nanoparticles with plasma and plasma components (albumin, HDL, LDL) revealed the instability of the particles in plasma. Lipolysis as well as interaction with the plasma components was observed. After intravenous administration to rats the injected GMO was rapidly cleared from the plasma. An incorporated lipophilic fluorescence probe did, however, show extended circulation which was attributed to its retention in cubosome "remnant" particles. 

Han, J., et al., Cationic bovine serum albumin based self-assembled nanoparticles as siRNA delivery vector for treating lung metastatic cancer. Small, 10 (3) 524-535,2014. 

Nitta, S. and K. Numata, Biopolymer-based nanoparticles for drug/gene delivery and tissue engineering. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14 (1) 1629-1654,2013. Kummitha, C.M., A.S. Malamas, and Z.R. Lu, Albumin pre-coating enhances intracellular siRNA delivery of multifunctional amphiphile/siRNA nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7 5205-5214,2012. 

Nab technology (albumin based nanotechnology) is ideal for encapsulating lipophilic drugs into nanoparticles. An example is Nab-Paclitaxel (Abraxane) an FDA approved formulation for the treatment of breast cancer. 

Nanosized objects perform various functions in the biomedical field. In the human body, nanosized particulate substances behave very differently from larger particles. In 1986, Maeda et al. found that the stained albumin, having a size of several nanometers, naturally accumulates in the region of cancerous tissues, which is now well known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many studies in the field of nanoparticles are based on this finding. Another application of nanoparticles is the delivery system using various polyplexes that are composed of carrier molecules and plasmid DNA or nucleic acid drugs such as antisenses and siRNA. In addition, nanofibers are mainly used for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue... 

The data presented here constitute part of the results attained in the development of a research project funded by the European Community (EC) and performed in cooperation with three independent European companies [6]. Hybrid polymeric materials based on intimate blends of human serum albumin (HSA), alkyl hemiesters of alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride (MAn), and vinyl ethers of monomethoxyoligoethylene glycols (PEGVE) were selected as biocompatible matrices for the formulation of the nanoparticles. 

The use of gold nanoparticles as an electrochemical label for bionanalysis was introduced by Costa-Garcia and coworkers 62 Adsorptive voltammetry was used to detect the gold signal and monitor biotin-stieptavidin interactions on a pretreated carbon paste electrode with an adsorbed biotinylated albumin layer after immersion into a solution of streptavidin-coated colloidal gold. While colloidal gold had found widespread use as a histochemical label for biomolecules and an optical label based on absorption... 

A-(2-Hydroxyl) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) is a water-soluble derivative of chitosan (CS), synthesized by the reaction between glycidyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride and CS. HTCC nanoparticles have been formed based on ionic gelation process of HTCC and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model protein drug, was incorporated into the HTCC nanoparticles. HTCC nanoparticles were 110-180nm in size, and their encapsulation efficiency was up to 90%. In vitro release studies showed a burst effect, followed by a slow and continuous release. Encapsulation efficiency was obviously increased with increase in initial BSA concentration [15]. 

Gualbert, J., Shahgaldian, P. and Coleman, A.W. (2003) Interactions of amphiphilic calix[4]arene-based sohd hpid nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin. Int. J. Pharm. 257(1-2), 69. 

Water-soluble therapeutic proteins and peptides can be delivered using porous nanospheres or nanocapsules formed by a double emulsion solvent evaporation procedure. A concern with the delivery of proteins by nanoparticles is the loss of protein activity before its release. Desai et al. showed about 30% of tetanus toxoid activity was lost due after encapsulation and release from nanoparticles (Desai et al. 1996). Protein may be inactivated due to denaturation based on exposure to organic solvents and adsorption onto the oil-water interface during fabrication (van de Weert et al. 2000 Lu et al. 2000). A strategy for reducing adsorption of the therapeutic protein is the incorporation of human or bovine semm albumin in the aqueous phase, which restricts the access of the therapeutic protein to the phase interface (Kim and Park 1999). Another proposed cause of protein inactivation is decreased local pH experienced by the encapsulated protein due to acidic degradation byproducts. This can be addressed by including an alkaline buffer into the aqueous phase (Zhu et al. 2000). 

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