Alaska

Hazardous Spills Emergency +1 800 478-9300 after hours Fax +1 907 465-5097 E-mail website envircon.state.ak.us Web site www.state.ak.us/dec 

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The specific gravities of crudes fall generally between 0.800 and 1.000 as shown in Table 8.1, even though crudes having specific gravities outside this range exist 0.787 (48.2° API) for crudes in Barrow South, Alaska, USA and Santa Rosa, Venezuela and 1.028 (6° API) for the crude from Bradley Canyon, California, USA. 

For example, the many deepwater fields located in the Gulf of Mexico are of Tertiary age and are comprised of complex sand bodies which were deposited in a deepwater turbidite sequence. The BP Prudhoe Bay sandstone reservoir in Alaska is of Triassic/ Cretaceous age and was deposited by a large shallow water fluvial-alluvial fan delta system. The Saudi Arabian Ghawar limestone reservoir is of Jurassic age and was deposited in a warm, shallow marine sea. Although these reservoirs were deposited in very different depositional environments they all contain producible accumulations of hydrocarbons, though the fraction of recoverable oil varies. In fact, these three fields are some of the largest in the world, containing over 12 billion barrels of oil each ... 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (Sn02). Most of the world s supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. 

Bilhons of metric tons of phosphate rock also are present offshore in the oceans, eg, best estimates are that a biUion tons of pellets that may contain about 30% P2 5 present in a Baja California—Mexico deposit alone. Other areas in the world that contain large, unevaluated amounts of phosphate include AustraUa, Alaska, Africa, the Near East, Pern, Colombia, Brazil, the People s RepubHc of China, MongoHa, and the former Soviet Union. 

As shown in Table 8, U.S. distribution of oil and natural gas reserves is centered in Alaska, Cahfomia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and the U.S. outer-continental shelf. Alaska reserves include both the Pmdhoe Bay deposits and the Cook Inlet fields. Cahfomia deposits include those in Santa Barbara, the Wilmington Eield, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Bakersfield, and other offshore oil deposits. The Yates Pield, Austin Chalk formation, and Permian Basin are among the producing sources of petroleum and natural gas in Texas. 

As defiaed by U.S. Dept, of Agricultuie, Agricultuie Handbook 296, Mai. 1972 excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 

In the United States, about 90% of gold production originates from ores and placer deposits. The remainder is recovered primarily as a by-product of the refining of base metals, chiefly copper. The principal gold producing states are Nevada (60%) and Califomia (10%) followed by Montana, Utah, S. Dakota, Washington, Colorado, Alaska, Idaho, Arizona, and New Mexico (7). 

E. D. Waters and co-workers, "The AppHcation of Heat Pipes for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline," Proceedings of the 10th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Newark, Del., 1975. 

Alaska, Washington, and Nevada. Ores of the Southeast Missouri lead belt and extensive deposits such as in Silesia and Morocco are of the replacement type. These deposits formed when an aqueous solution of the minerals, under the influence of changing temperature and pressure, deposited the sulfides in susceptible sedimentary rock, usually limestone and dolomites. These ore bodies usually contain galena, sphalerite, and pyrite minerals, but seldom contain gold, silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth. 

The Phocene lignites in Alaska, southeastern Europe, and southern Nigeria are the youngest coals. A number of peat accumulations in different parts of the world representing a range of climates indicate that the process of coal formation continues to take place. 

Meta.soina.tlte Deposits. Included in the metasomatite deposit grouping are uranium deposits in alkah metasomatites, eg, albitites, aegirinites, and alkah—amphibole rocks, commonly intmded by microcline granite. Examples are the deposits in Espinharasin, Brazil, and Ross Adams, Alaska, as well as the Zheltye Vody deposit in Krivoy Rog area in Ukraine (16). 

The first reactor, SM-1, was operated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Others were located ia Wyoming, Greenland, Alaska, and Antarctica. The fuel consisted of highly enriched uranium as the dioxide, dispersed ia stainless steel as plates or rods. Details are available ia Reference 18. 

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

Technical data. The TransMlaska Pipeline, Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., Anchorage, Alaska, 1992. 

Parameter N. Mex. Alaska Idah o Ky. Ariz. Md. Okla. Colo. Hawah Wash Mich... 

Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., and Wash. Seatde, Wash. 

Airborne organic sihcon has been detected in samples collected at Barrow, Alaska (509). Organic sihcon levels corresponding to an airborne concentration of 8 ng/m were detected. As a comparison, these samples were deterrnined to hold approximately 20 ng/m of phthalate-based plasticizers. 

The American cordillera extending from Alaska to BoUvia has been the most productive source of silver wherever it is associated with Tertiary age intmsive volcanic rocks, mosdy concentrated by hydrothermal action. The largest producing mine in the cordillera is at Potosi, BoUvia, where the total silver output since the 1500s is estimated at over 31,000 metric tons. 

A 2.54-cm Styrofoam plastic foam with thermal conductivity of ca 0.03 W/ (m-K) (0.21 (Btu-in.)/(ft-b°F)) is equivalent to 61 cm of gravel. Any synthetic foam having compressive strength sufficiently high and thermal conductivity sufficiently low is effective. However, the resistance of PS-type foams to water, frost damage, and microorganisms in the sod makes them especially desirable. An interesting and important appHcation of this concept was the use of Styrofoam in the constmction of the Alaska pipeline. In this case, the foam was used to protect the permafrost. 

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