Air pollution in Europe

European Environment Agency, Air pollution in Europe 1990-2000, Topic Report 4 (2003)... 

Keuken M, Sanderson E, van Aalst R, Borken J, Schneider J (2005) Contribution of traffic to levels of ambient air pollution in Europe. In Krzyzanowski M et al (eds) Health effects of transport-related air pollution. Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization, Copenhagen. ISBN 92 890 1373 7... 

Oostenrijk R. Heyens C. Klimont Z. Elzen M.J.E.D. and Amann M. (2006). Exploring the ancillary benefits of the Kyoto Protocol for air pollution in Europe. Energy Policy, 34, 444-460. 

UNECE/EMEP (United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe/Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe ) emission database, WebDab 2002 (http //webdab.emep.int/). 

Scholz (1984) has reported on the present extent of forest damage due to air pollution in Europe and North-America for the UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). This report is based on official sources of the affected countries. This official estimate of damaged area is listed in table 7. 

Fig. 7.20 Mean annual pH values of rain over Europe in 1985. The pH contours compare well with rates of acid deposition shown in Fig. 5.7. After Schaug et al. (1987). With permission from the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU).

Berge E, Jakobsen HA (1998) A regional scale multi-layer model for the calculation of long-term transport and deposition of air pollution in Europe. Tellus B50(3) 205-223... 

In order to bring this development under some control, close co-operation would be needed between the countries of both Eastern and Western Europe. The problem was taken up by the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) in Geneva, and further progress was made at the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europa in Helsinki in 1975, which recommended the development of an extended programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long range transport of air pollution in Europe. 

The UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) sets up a Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluating the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe. 

Given the long list of cases of interplay among the various European institutions that have contributed to mitigating air pollution in Europe, one can conclude that this interplay has had a significant impact on the development of these institutions approaches to tackling air pollution. In particular, differences and developments in membership and policymaking capacity have led these institutions to be at times more suitable and at other times less favorable a venue for countries to participate in. The limited... 

EMEP Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmissions of Air Pollutants in Europe EU European Union... 

The OECD LRTAP study established that any effective control of air pollution in Europe must include both Eastern and Western European countries. When the question of environmental protection was taken up at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975, Norway therefore proposed the establishment of a European-wide monitoring programme for air pollutants. The proposal was adopted, and preparatory work was started within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) in Geneva. In 1976 a task force was established to develop a detailed plan for the future program. 

Holland M and Watkins P (2002), Estimates of marginal external costs of air pollution in europe, European Commission. 

The second criterion listed by the CBMAPDT (1989) is that any observed association must have a reasonable biological explanation and it should not contradict other known mechanisms. In the absence of any well-established regional associations between forest health and air pollution in Europe, this criterion is difficult to apply. 

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