Explanations biological

The presence of organisms (large or small) in proximity to corrosion by itself is not proof of biologically influenced corrosion, any more than a correlation of lunar phases with stock market fluctuations establishes a lunar-financial connection. It should be stressed vigorously that all evidence must be consistent with any single corrosion mode before a definitive diagnosis can be made (see Critical Factors above). Further, all alternative explanations must be carefully examined. 

That is, the H-bonded network provides a natural route for rapid transport. This phenomenon of proton jumping thus occurs with little actual movement of the water molecules themselves. Ice has an electrical conductivity close to that of water because such proton jumps also readily occur even when the water molecules are fixed in a crystal lattice. Such conduction of protons via H-bonded networks has been offered as an explanation for a number of rapid proton transfers of biological significance. 

The present review intends to be illustrative rather than comprehensive, and focuses on the results of this study leading to the hypothesis 9 — the three-dimensional shape similarity between interacting groups in reacting molecules is responsible for more specific and precise molecular recognition than would otherwise be achieved — and on the explanation of biological recognition on this basis. 

This book demonstrates the application of biological sciences in engineering with theoretical and practical aspects. The seventeen chapters give more understanding of the knowledge related to the specified field, with more practical approaches and related case studies with original research data. It is a book for students to follow the sequential lectures with detailed explanations, and solves the actual problems in the related chapters. 

Fig. 2. Properties of model and biological particle systems Micro scale related particle diameter dp/riL versus maximum energy dissipation e , in stirred reactors explanations see Table 3 and Table 4...

Fig. 22. Dependency of average particle diameter dp on maximiun energy dissipation of impeller systems with baffles by stirring of biological and model particle systems explanations see Tables 3 and 4...

Taste-modality recognition is a function of the cells of the taste buds. Perception of the sensation is a result of complex processes in the brain. The biological events that are discussed are those that occur, or are suggested as occurring, in taste-receptor cells, beginning at the instant when the taste-stimulus molecule interacts with the cell, until the membrane of the receptor cell is polarized. These are peripheral events. However, our knowledge of the peripheral mechanisms in taste perception is not sufficiently complete to provide a detailed, biophysical explanation of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, several stages in this explanation have been hypothesized, and some are demonstrable. 

Finally, the fact that anthocyanins can reach the brain represents a beginning of an explanation of the purported neuroprotection effects of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins may be eliminated via urinary and biliary excretion routes. " The extent of elimination of anthocyanins via urine is usually very low (< 0.2% intake) in rats and in humans, indicating either a more pronounced elimination via the bile route or extensive metabolism. As mentioned earlier, in the colon, non-absorbed or biliary excreted anthocyanins can be metabolized by the intestinal microflora into simpler break-down compounds such as phenolic acids that may be (re)absorbed and conjugated with glycine, glucuronic acid, or sulfate and also exhibit some biological... 

Betalains have shown strong antioxidant activities in biological environments such as membranes and LDLs," -" suggesting that the consumption of betalain-colored foods may exert protective effects against certain oxidative stress-related diseases (i.e., cancers) in humans. Beetroot has been used as a treatment for cancer in Europe for several centuries. The high content of betanin in red beetroot (300 to 600 mg/kg) may be the explanation for the purported cancer chemopreventive effects of beets. 

FIG. 2.1. The Periodic Table of the elements, the full understanding of which provides ideally a reductionist approach to the explanation of chemistry. The essential bulk and trace elements for living cells are also shown but knowledge of them is not in any way adequate for an explanation of biology... 

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