Agricultural workers, monitoring

Coye MJ, Lowe JA, Maddy KT. 1986. Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides I. Cholinesterase activity determinations. J Occup Med 28 619-627. 

Windham GC, Titenko-Holland N, Osorio AM et al Genetic monitoring of malathion-exposed agricultural workers. Am J Ind Med 1998 33(2) 164-174, 1998... 

Pesticide Action Network Asia-Pacific (PAN-AP)4 is the regional arm of PAN-International, and is co-ordinated from Kuala Lumpur. It has autonomous national branches such as those in the the Philippines and Indonesia. PAN-AP is dedicated to helping women, agricultural workers, farmers and peasants protect their health and environment, as well as ensure their safety from hazards of pesticide use. It believes that pesticides are unnecessary and harmful thus their use must be reduced if not altogether eliminated. For this reason, PAN-AP closely monitors pesticide production, trade and use. 

Loewenherz, C., R.A. Fenske, N.J. Simcox, G. Bellamy and D. Kalman (1997). Biological Monitoring of Organophosphorous Pesticide Exposure among Children of Agricultural Workers, Environ. Health Perspec., 105, 1344-1353. 

Schneider, F., K. Steenland, B. Wilson, B. Hernandez, J. Spencer and S. Margetich (1992). Monitoring of Peach Harvest Workers Exposed to Azinphosmethyl Residues in Sutter County, California, 1991, Department of Food and Agriculture. Worker Health and Safety Branch Report HS-1672, Sacramento, CA, USA. 

The avermectins have been known for only about a decade, but this family of antibiotics has proven to be virtually non-toxic to humans and enormously beneficial in a surprisingly wide variety of medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications. As their use increases, so will their dispersal in the environment, and the exposure of consumers and agricultural workers. We are hopeful that the MAbe and ELA we have developed, in conjunction with simple, efficient residue recovery methods, will fill the growing need for rapid, inexpensive monitoring of avermectins in large numbers of samples. 

Loewenherz C, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Bellamy G, Kalman D. Biological monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children of agricultural workers in central Washington State. Environ Health Perspect 1997 105 1344—53. 

Higgins, G. M, Moniz, J. F., and McCauley, L. A, (2001). Monitoring acetylcholinesterase levels in migrant agricultural workers and their children using a portable test kit. Agnc. Safety Health 7, 35-49. 

The symposium upon which this book is based was organized by the Pesticide Chemistry Division to address the problem of exposure to pesticides. The choice of location of the symposium was the ACS National Meeting initially planned for San Francisco, California in August 1980, which was appropriate in view of the considerable agricultural interest within the state. The major concerns were the problems of measurement, monitoring, and safety in relation to the question of worker exposure and its many implications. 

Conducted by the University of Minnesota, the FFES is a study of pesticide workers that includes limited biomonitoring. About 95 farm families in Minnesota and South Carolina are involved in regular monitoring of pesticide exposure (Farm Family Exposure Study 2005). After pesticide exposure at the farms, urine samples are collected for 24 hours/day for 4 days. A baseline 24-hour sample is collected before pesticide application. The study is expected to improve exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of agricultural populations (Baker et al. 2005). 

INTRODUCTION 14 PESTICIDE CATEGORIES 15 PESTICIDE HANDLERS 15 Agricultural Pesticide Handlers 15 Tasks Performed by an Individual 16 Factors Affecting Exposure 16 Residential and Institutional Pesticide Handlers 18 Families of Pesticide Handlers 19 STUDY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 20 Worker Stratification 21 Routes of Exposure 21 Respiratory Exposure 21 Dermal Exposure 21 Sampling Strategy Selection 21 Statistical Analysis 22 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 22 PESTICIDE EXPOSURE MONITORING METHODS 23 Passive Dosimetry 23... 

In the USA, the principal use of atrazine is in agriculture, and the major exposed workers are handlers who mix, load and apply atrazine to row crops. The passive dosimetry studies reported atrazine residues in terms of the parent compound only. The biological monitoring studies measured chlorotiazenes metabolites. The atrazine absorbed dose was back-calculated from the measured metabolites based on a human excretion study. The results of the smdies are reported in Table 1.3 and demonstrate fairly close concordance between the two methodologies. 

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