Africa environmental change

Eontes J.-C., Gasse E., and Andrews J. N. (1993) Climatic conditions of Holocene groundwater recharge in the Sahel zone of Africa. In Isotope Techniques in the Study of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 271-292. 

Figure 5 Comparison of the magnitude of atmospheric sulfur deposition for the years 1990 (a) and 2050 (b). Note the large increases in both spatial extent and intensity of sulfur deposition in both hemispheres and the increase in importance of Asia, Africa, and South America as sites of sulfur deposition between 1990 and 2050. The values on the diagrams are in units of kg Sm yr f Revised after Mackenzie FT (1998) Our Changing Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science and Global Environmental Change. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall Rodhe H, Langner J, Gallardo L, and Kjellstrom E (1995) Global transport of acidifying pollutants. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85 37-50.

Morrissey,]. (2014) Environmental Change and Human Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pp. 81-109 inE. Piguet and F. Laczko (eds.). People on the Move in a Changing Climate. Global Migration Issues, vol 2. Dordrecht Springer. 

The interdependency of environmental processes is diverse and has been experimentally studied spatiotemporally, though only a small fraction of processes have been studied. Analysis of satellite data shows that in recent years natural processes have changed substantially due to urbanization. Indeed, cities are one of the most important and vivid phenomena of civilization. From 1970 to 2004, the size of world urban population increased from 35% to 50.1%. The contribution of developing countries to this increase was about 90%. On the whole, the level of urbanization in the early 21st century was North America 77.2%, Latin America 75.3%, Europe 74.8%, Oceania and Australia 70.2%, Africa 37.9%, and Asia 36.7%. In 2004, 3.3 billion people lived in cities. 

Ample evidence exists to demonstrate that large-scale dislocation of people (characteristic of many recent refugee crises) creates adverse environmental impacts (UNHCR, 2001). The scale and suddenness of refugee flows can rapidly change a situation of relative abundance of natural resources to one of acute scarcity. Where the hosting environment is already under stress, as it is, for instance, in many arid regions of Africa and Asia, an influx of... 

It is now generally agreed that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased and continues to rise. The major concern of increased CO2 is the climatic change that may arise. In the excellent report [ 1 ] on The Global 2000 the study group has proposed three environmental consequences of the changed climate. I intend to analyse each climate scenario and point out my views on the Africa region. 

As discussed by Mahlanza et al. (2003) and Troskie (2001), changing consumer preferences towards more health and environmental awareness led to an increase in the demand for products from sustainable production. According to Grolink (2002), South Africa has, contrary to other sub-Saharan countries, a substantial domestic market for organic products. This indicates that the potential for organic farming in South Africa is not only based on the access to export market in Europe and the USA but also on local demand. 

In practice, the choice of the strategy is a part of the environmental policy and the derivative of the economic status of the countries in which they are implemented. In most countries in Asia and Africa, a priority in the field of waste management is given to the separation of the municipal waste stream of hazardous waste and the development of methods for hazardous waste facility. With regard to waste deposition, the main task is to change the storage system from open dumps to sanitary landfill, and minimize the environmental impact of existing open dumps. 

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