Adverse skin, classification

A number of industrial chemicals were screened using AFNOR protocols with rabbits as the test systems. Information on the appearance and irritancy potential of different chemicals (and the classification thereof) offers valuable clues to the worker to avoid skin injury (Table 16-4). Certain drugs normally used by humans can cause adverse effects on eyes. The types of ocular disturbance are blurring of vision and diplopia, impairment of visual acuity, yellow vision (xanthopsia), corneal opacities, and lenticular opacities and drugs producing or precipitating the formation of cataract, which have been implicated with the use of candidate drugs. 

Direct irritation may thus be dehned as an adverse effect of chemicals directly applied to the skin that does not involve prior sensitization and thus initiation by an immune mechanism. Irritation is usually assessed by a local inflammatory response characterized by erythema (redness) and/or edema (swelling). Other responses may be present that do not elicit inflammation such as an increase in skin thickness. Irritant reactions may be classified as acute, cumulative, traumatic, or pustular. However, two classifications are generally used by toxicologists. Acute irritation is a local response of the skin usually caused by a single agent that induces a reversible inflammatory response. Cumulative irritation occurs after repeated exposures to the same compound and is the most common type of irritant dermatitis. 

Service life the period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer Service robots machines that extend human capabilities Severity consequences of a failure as a result of a particular failure mode Severity classification a classification assigned to provide a qualitative measure of the worst potential consequences resulting from design error or item failure Sharp end point of vulnerability in care delivery where failure is visible, where expertise is applied, and adverse events are experienced Sharps objects that can penetrate the skin, such as needles, scalpels, and lancets Shielding material between a radiation source and a potentially exposed person that reduces exposure... 

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