Adverse classification

Constipation may occur as an adverse drug reaction. When the patient has constipation as an adverse reaction to another drug, the primary care provider may prescribe a stool softener or another laxative to prevent constipation during the drug therapy. Display 48-2 lists the names of some dm and drug classifications that may cause constipation. 

The remaining chapters discuss specific drug classifications and contain a common format. In addition to the learning objectives and key terms, the remaining chapters contain a table indicating the drag classifications and drugs discussed in the chapter. The body of each chapter contains the actions, uses, adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions and interactions of... 

Fig.1. Classification of adverse side effects after RCM administration [adapted from 2]. 

Classification of Adverse Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media... 

There have been several attempts over the years to classify adverse drug reactions, primarily based on the perception of what can and what cannot be predicted given knowledge of the pharmacology and toxicology of the drug. For example, Edwards and Aronson [13] proposed what is probably the most extensive classification system ... 

Drug-related problems can be defined as Any undesirable event experienced by the patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome (Strand et al. 1990). This is a vital component of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy and will be described more in detail in another chapter. It should however be noted that there are several definitions and classification systems for DRPs. A literature review (van Mil et al. 2004) identified fourteen classifications and their critical elements. In the presented definition a potential problem is a DRP but this is not the case in all definitions and classifications. This is also the case for unavoidable adverse drug reactions (e.g. with cytotoxic agents). 

The main classification methods for drug development are discriminant analysis (DA), possibly based on principal components (PLS-DA) and soft independent models for class analogy (SIMCA). SIMCA is based only on PCA analysis one PCA model is created for each class, and distances between objects and the projection space of PCA models are evaluated. PLS-DA is for example applied for the prediction of adverse effects by nonsteroidal anti-... 

Fincham, J., Drug classification of Mississippi adrs. a statewide program to stimulate reporting of adverse drug reactions, /. Pharm. Pract., 2, 239-244, 1989. 

Gerlach J. (1991). New antipsychotics classification, efficacy, and adverse effects. Schizophr Bull. 17(2) 289-309. 

Extremophiles Microbes that can grow under very adverse environment conditions. Classifications include thermopiules (temperature > 40°C), acidoplfiles (pH < 2), alkalophiles (pH > 11), halophiles (salt > 20% w/v), baroptules (pressure > 100 atm), and psycroplfiles (temperature < 20°C). 

Types of adverse drug reaction There are several classifications of adverse reactions, but the most commonly employed define two principal kinds (A and B) and three subordinate classes (C, D and E). 

The ABPI Code of Practice, in line with European Directive 75/319/EEC, calls for an efficient transfer of information on adverse drug reactions. In the case of defective medicines, an ABPI Batch Recall of Pharmaceutical Products system is in operation. In the ABPI Expanded Syllabus, batch recall is referred to in the Pharmaceutical Technology section and adverse drug reactions in the Pharmacology and Classification of Medicines and the Pharmaceutical Industry and the NHS sections. 

The creatures of the world, both animals and plants, produce a wide range of biologically active substances. Biologically active substances produced by animals or plants that cause an adverse effect are called toxins. Toxins refers only to toxic agents produced by animals and plants, not toxic substances such a lead or pesticides. The classification of a substance as a toxin tends to be in the eye of the beholder. Is caffeine, a naturally occurring agent in many plants, a toxin or just a pharmacologically active compound or both ... 

Increasing the concentration increases the penetration, but not to the same degree. Solubility of the corticosteroid in the vehicle is an other determinant of absorption and efficacy. So different formulations of the same corticosteroid can end up in a different efficacy classification. Efficacy can be further augmented by using the corticosteroid under occlusion. Occlusion with plastic enhances penetration and also absorption. However, with increased absorption also the risk of systemic side-effects increases. Systemic absorption will suppress the pituitary-adrenal axis and may cause Cushing s syndrome and a plethora of other adverse events (see Chapter 24, Section Il.b). Even small amounts absorbed may already cause growth retardation in children. 

For a small number of substances, the preliminary study will provide sufficient data for the purpose of classification and labelling and/or risk assessment. These substances are likely to be those with a clear adverse effect on the fetus at levels representative of typical human exposure scenarios. 

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