Advantages of incineration

Effectiveness With sufficiently long residence time and a sufficiently high temperature, incineration usually reduces levels of organics to below nondetection levels, which simplifies handling of treated soil and reduces overall site cleanup levels. 

Demonstrated Success Incineration is a proven technology the literature on successful applications is extensive many vendors offer incineration services, thereby driving down prices and incineration equipment comes in many sizes to fit the needs of any site. 

Regulatory Requirements EPA s Land Disposal Restrictions (LCRs) specify incineration as a best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for many types of wastes, meaning that these wastes must be incinerated prior to land disposal. Also, incineration results were used to set concentration-based BDAT standards for many contaminants and incineration probably has the best chance of continuing to meet these standards. 

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Once the problem of disassembly has been solved, the next step is to dispose of the chemical agent and, where necessary, of the explosive component. Over the years considerable experience has been gained with the disposal of mustard gas and some other non arsenic-based chemical agents by high temperature incineration, and this method has been successfully used by both Germany and the United Kingdom. The major advantage of incineration is that it can readily deal with mustard gas which has been thickened or become polymerised over time. It can also handle decontamination of the associated metal... 

An advantage of incineration is that it serves to clean out residues of agent in emptied containers. A special container decontamination furnace may be employed. 

One physical method that has attracted some commercial interest is evaporation several evaporative plants were installed in Japan in the early 1970s, nearly all followed by incinerators for the sludge produced (60). They are, however, expensive in both capital and operating costs. The most recent evaporation systems use a process known as vapor recompression, which has the claimed advantage of much lower operating costs than the eadier evaporative processes used in the wool industry. Capital costs of these processes are still high. 

The advantages of thermal incineration are that it is simple in concept, has a wide application, and results in almost complete destruction of pollutants with no liquid or solid residue. Thermal incineration provides an opportunity for heat recovery and has low maintenance requirements and low capital cost. Thermal incineration units for small or moderate exhaust streams are generally compact and light. Such units can be installed on a roof when the plant area is limited. = The main disadvantage is the auxiliary fuel cost, which is partly offset with an efficient heat-recovery system. The formation of nitric oxides during the combustion processes must be reduced by control of excess air temperature, fuel supply, and combustion air distribution at the burner inlet, The formation of thermal NO increases dramatically above 980 Table 13.10)... 

A major advantage of plasma processing is that the heat input may be accomplished in an atmosphere of any desired composition and reactivity. In practice there are only a few variations of chemical strategies available for thermal processing i.e. pyrolysis, oxidation, reactions with hydrogen and water. They were already reported elsewhere [5]. The most cost effective and friendly to the environment are the approaches of plasma employing for zero-waste fuel generation or for zero-waste incineration. 

The chemistry of many of these processes is little understood and will be discussed in some of the following chapters. The advantage of this route is that it can readily be operated at a small scale. Unless the bio-oil is incinerated to produce electricity, access to a cheap hydrogen source is needed for further use. 

In principle, solvent extraction is an environmentally friendly process with no air or water pollution, provided the plant flows are properly designed. It could, therefore, replace many of the present polluting processes. A particular problem, however, is the solvent extraction effluents, which may contain biochemically active substances posing new hazards to the environment. These can be handled by various solid sorbents, which then can be incinerated, but the advantage of the solvent extraction process may be lost. There is, therefore, a demand for biodegradable and environmentally benign solvent phases. In the future, additional attention is required to this field. 

Of course, even without engineering-scale economic and technical drivers, studies of new nuclear solvent extraction technology can and will proceed at academic and national laboratory institutions. Areas for which new technology could be beneficial include, among others, development of extractants that can be readily incinerated detailed information concerning the kinetics of extraction of various solutes and perhaps, development of contactors with very short residence times. Extraction kinetics must be more carefully investigated in the future to be able to take advantage of kinetic differences, especially between the actinides and the fi -transition elements. 

Because of the large volume of water Involved, Incineration Is not a preferred method. Adsorption of pesticides onto media such as activated charcoal, as well as biological and chemical treatment, are feasible methods, but they require frequent monitoring and maintenance. Evaporation ponds and soil pits have the advantages of less maintenance, applicability to a broad range of chemicals, and the ability to reduce the volume of waste via water evaporation. (1-3). In addition, these latter two methods have been estimated to be the least expensive on a per gallon basis of waste (J ). This Is of considerable Importance because the wastes are... 

ICIEEC claims the following advantages of its rotary kiln incinerator system ... 

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