Adult Athletes

Despite these issues, creatine remains well-known as a nutritional, performance-enhancing supplement used by athletes to improve high-intensity muscle endurance and performance. Bodybuilders and weightlifters supplement with creatine to bulk up muscles, and athletes involved in team sports train with creatine to increase their energy for sprints and other short and intense muscular tasks. Statistics show that the use of creatine by adolescent and adult athletes is growing. Yet research is still largely inconclusive on exactly how... 

Alternatively, fatty acid supplanents that bypass the block in long-chain FAOD may prove to be beneficial. The use of MCT as aperformance-enhancing energy substrate has been studied in athletes. Trained adult athletes given MCT while exercising oxidized 72 % of the MCT dose during that bout of exercise [29]. Oral MCT is rapidly absorbed into the circulatory system (<20 min) and preferentially oxidized by the liver and mus-... 

Sofka CM, Potter HG (2002) Imaging of elbow injuries in the child and adult athlete. Radiol Clin N Am 40 251-265... 

Bradycardia Bradycardia is a slow heart rate (60 beats per minute or slower) that does not meet the body s metabolic demands. Symptoms of bradycardia include dizziness, extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, or fainting spells. This can be compared to tachycardia, which is an extremely rapid heart rate, usually signified by a pulse of over 100 beats per minute. Adults usually have a resting heart rate of 70-80 beats per minute, although well-trained athletes can have resting rates in the 50 s or 60 s. Newborn babies have a normal heart rate of 120-160 beats per minute. A slowed heart rate can lead to a variety of other problems. First aid treatment may include administration of oxygen. 

Notwithstanding, sleep deprivation tends to have greater adverse effects on the older adult. With the exception of one protocol (40), all of these studies were limited to young adults, which creates potential inaccuracies when extrapolating to the youth soccer league or the aging baby boomer who runs marathons. Optimal performance is important to athletes of all ages and abilities. 

EXCESS in childhood results in precocious puberty may result from a hormone-secreting tumor. In adults, testosterone administration has been used by athletes to increase body mass, but may be associated with side effects, including cardiac and liver disease, and testicular atrophy. 

Smith, M. (1987), Position of the American Dietetic Association Nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults. /. Am. Diet, Assoc. 87, 935-9,39. 

Vitamins are not infrequently used by medical workers as placebos against poorly defined general malaise, often without consideration of the patient s actual vitamin status (3). Self-medication with vitamin supplements is very common in most countries, and commonly the users are not objectively vitamin deficient (4). In general, physicians in an industrialized society can expect that about half of their adult patients will currently be taking vitamin supplements (5) among athletes 75% have been found to use supplements (6). 

Creatine is present in muscle, brain, and blood and, although not present in large amounts in normal urine from adults, it is abundantly present in the urine of adults who have recently ingested creatine supplements. Ingestion of a creatine supplement has been shown to increase the level of phosphocreatine, and this has become extremely popular in recent years with many athletes who want to increase muscular power and to enhance their performance. Because of this, analysis for creatine has become more important in the clinical setting. Additionally, elevated serum concentrations of creatine can be observed in some cases of muscle catabolism such as... 

Tinea pedis is the most common dermatophytoses (affecting approximately 70% of adults). It is better known as athletes foot and occurs in hot weather, with exposure to surface reservoirs (locker room floors), and with use of occlusive footwear." Treatment with topical therapy for 2 to 4 weeks often is adequate for mild infections however, severe infections or involvement of the nails requires oral therapy (see Table 118-8). Recurrence of infection occurs in up to 70% of individuals. Prolonged treatment with either topical or systemic therapy may be required." " ... 

Even in adults, hormones have dramatic effects on genital formation. Women who take hormones or other medications as part of a deliberate female-to-male transition usually experience dramatic growth of the clitoris. Use of anabolic steroids by female body-builders and female athletes can also cause marked enlargement of the clitoris together with other effects that masculinize the female body. 

Earth types can be strong and athletic, especially when young. But their tendency to become sedentary and gain weight as adults makes exercise of utmost importance for staying in balance. 

Athletes muscle composition reflects their relative sports. An untrained adult male s leg muscle is about half of each type. Sprinters contain more fast-white muscle, while an elite marathon nmner can have as much as 90% slow-red muscle tissue. It is unclear how much of the difference is due to training and how much to heredity. 

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