Adobe bricks

A BRICK or building material of sun dried CLAY or earth and straw. A structure made of adobe BRICKS. 

Adobe brick n. Large, roughly molded, sun dried clay brick of varying sizes. 

A composite material is formed when two or more separate materials are combined to make a new material that has its own characteristic properties. Structural composites are used to fabricate structures and other objects for which that material s properties are advantageous. Examples of structural composites range from simple or low-tech materials such as adobe brick, plywood, and reinforced concrete to more developed or high-tech materials such as the advanced composite materials used in modern aircraft and spacecraft. The range and variety of structural composites and their applications, even within a single type, is nearly limitless, with each new material resulting in the development of even newer materials and applications. 

Structural composites and the principles of their construction have been known and used for literally thousands of years. Adobe brick, concrete, and laminated wood are the earliest known examples. The Assyrians and Babylonians are known to have used a type of concrete based on clay. A more robust type of concrete made from heated powdered clam and oyster shells that used lime (calcium oxide) as the binding agent was developed in ancient Egypt. Laminated structures such as wood pieces that have been mechanically fastened together or bonded together with an adhesive material of some kind have a similarly long history. 

The historical use of structural composites spans several thousand years, prohahly dating from the first time early builders found that adding fihrous materials such as straw or dry grasses produced a stronger and more durable adobe brick. 

Composite materiak have been in nse for thousands of years. Ancient peoples used straw and rocks to strengthen adobe bricks for building shelters, and concrete reinforced with steel rods is used extensively in the construction industry. Only recently have composites been introduced into electronic applications. In particular, the demands for improved thermal management and higher packaging density have driven the development of composite materials. Today, several composite materials are available to meet the needs of electronic packaging engineers. 

The composition and quantity of earthquake debris will vary based on the nature of the built environment affected as well as the severity of the earthquake. For example, a community with predominantly timber buildings will have a different waste composition than a community that builds houses from adobe bricks. Or a city with poor building standards affected by a moderate earthquake may generate more debris than a city that has good building standards affected by a much larger earthquake. It is important to understand both the composition and the quantity of... 

The idea that, if a single available material cannot fulfill a set of desired properties, then a mixture or a compound of that material with another one might be satisfactory is likely as old as mankind. Adobe, likely the oldest building material, is made by blending sand, clay, water and some kind of fibrous material like straw or sticks, then molding the mixture into bricks and drying in the sun. It is surely one of the oldest examples of reinforcement of a "plastic" material, moist clay, with natural fibers that was already in use in the Late Bronze Age, nearly everywhere in the Middle East, North Africa, South Europe and southwestern North America. In a sense, the basic principle of reinforcement, i.e., to have a stiffer dispersed material to support the load transmitted by a softer matrix, is already in the adobe brick. Therefore, the "discovery" of natural rubber reinforcement by fine powdered materials, namely carbon black, in the dawn of the twentieth century surely proceeded from the same idea. 

Clay was commonly used for making pottery in prehistory. Silts are sometimes used in ceramics and are a basic component in building materials such as mud daub, mud bricks, adobe, and fired brick. Sods, soil, and other sediments were used in the construction of earthworks by prehistoric peoples for walls, tombs, and other monuments. For example, the early civilizations of China used rammed earth to build house foundations and enormous city walls. Silt was packed down in wood frames using heavy wooden rammers and layer after layer built up. Parts of the Great Wall of China were built using rammed earth more than 2,000 years ago and remain standing today. 

Adobe A brick made of earth and straw and dried by the sun. 

Adobe. Mud used in tropical countries for making sun-dried (unfired) bricks the term is also applied to the bricks themselves. 

Dobie. A hand-shaped clay building brick before it has been fired from ADOBE (q.v.). In USA a dobie is a lump of raw fired clay. 

It should be noted that biological structural materials occurring in nature are typically composites. Common examples are wood, bamboo, bone, teeth, and shell. Furthermore, use of artificial composite materials is not new. Bricks made from straw-reinforced mud were employed in biblical times. This material also has been widely used in the American Southwest for centuries, where it is known as adobe. In current terminology, it would be called an organic fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite. 

Masonry is a heterogeneous material that consists of units and joints. Units are such as bricks, blocks, ashlars, adobes, irregular stones, and others. Mortar can be clay, bitumen, chaUc, lime-/cement-based mortar, glue, or others. A (very) simple classification of stone masonry... 

Torraca, G. (1972). Brick, adobe, stone and architectural ceramics Deterioration Processes and Conservation Practices. In Preservation and Conservation Principles and Practices Proceedings of the North American International Regional Conference. pp.. 143-165. The... 

Ceramic Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composite (CFCC) CFCC is a ceramic material reinforced with ceramic fibers. Adobe , a brick, consisting of dried clay reinforced with straw is well known as one of the earliest examples of fiber-reinforced composites, and it was made by ancient Egyptians several millennia ago. The addition of the ceramic fibers with high strength and modulus to ceramics... 

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