Adjuvant technology

A number of different adjuvant preparations have been developed (Table 13.13). Most preparations also display some associated toxicity and, as a general rule, the greater the product s adjuvanticity, the more toxic it is likely to be. A few different adjuvants may be used in veterinary medicine however (for safety reasons), aluminium-based products are the only adjuvants routinely used in human medicine. Application of many of the aggressive adjuvant materials is reserved for selected experimentation purposes in animals. 

An ideal adjuvant should display several specific characteristics. These include  

Mycobacterial components, e.g. trehalose dimycolate (TDM), muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 

Aluminium phosphate, AIPO4 Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 Alum, A1K(S04)2.12H20 Calcium phosphate, CaP04 Mycobacterial species Mycobacterial components (e.g. trehalose dimycolate, muramyl dipeptide) Corynebacterium species Bordetella pertussis Lipopolysaccharide 

This implies consequent economic savings, as vaccines (particularly subunit and vector vaccines) are far more expensive to produce than the adjuvant. 

Few of these substances remain in medical use, due to unacceptable side effects. An ideal adjuvant should display several specific characteristics. These include  

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Schijns VE,Tangras A. Vaccine adjuvant technology from theoretical mechanisms to practical approaches. Dev Biol 2005 121 127-34. 

The development of vaccines based on S-layer technologies has focused on two strategies (1) exploiting S-layers present on pathogenic organisms, and (2) use of S-layer lattices as carrier/adjuvants for vaccination and immunotherapy [100,101]. 

Winer EP, Hudis C, Burstein HJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer Status report 2004. J Clin Oncol 2005 23 619-629. 

Materials. Microspherical PGG glucan (Adjuvax, Alpha-Beta Technology, Worcester, MA) was prepared from Saccharomyces cereviseae strain R4 cells (11). Zymosan, cytochrome c (cyt c), bovine serum albumin (BSA), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant (IFA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). 

Stephen Tuck is Vice President of Biopharmaceutical Development at Dynavax Technologies in Berkeley, California. He has over 14 years of experience in pharmaceutical chemistry. He was involved in the development of Fluad adju-vated flu vaccine as well as various subunit vaccines, adjuvants, vaccine conjugates, and protein therapeutics. He earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Imperial College, University of London, United Kingdom. 

ANTIBODIES, VACCINES AND ADJUVANTS 441 The impact of genetic engineering on vaccine technology... 

ITABLE 11.3. Novel adjuvant systems and vaccine delivery technologies... 

The Directive states that the levels of additives present in flavourings should be the minimum required to achieve the intended purpose. Flavouring adjuvants should not have a remaining technological function in the final foodstuff. With regard to this requirement, the possibility of the carryover of additives used in flavourings is especially mentioned in the Directive. 

The transfersome technology has been tested for delivery of a number of additional molecules including steroids, vaccines, and adjuvants [67,77-79] and these studies have been recently reviewed by Cevc [80],... 

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