Vaccine technology adjuvants

ANTIBODIES, VACCINES AND ADJUVANTS 441 The impact of genetic engineering on vaccine technology... 

The transfersome technology has been tested for delivery of a number of additional molecules including steroids, vaccines, and adjuvants [67,77-79] and these studies have been recently reviewed by Cevc [80],... 

D. K.F. La Montagne, J.R. Public health implications of emerging vaccine technologies. In Vaccine Design The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach Powell, M.F., Newman, M.J., Burdman, J.R., Eds. Plenum Press New York, 1995 43-60. 

The development of vaccines based on S-layer technologies has focused on two strategies (1) exploiting S-layers present on pathogenic organisms, and (2) use of S-layer lattices as carrier/adjuvants for vaccination and immunotherapy [100,101]. 

Stephen Tuck is Vice President of Biopharmaceutical Development at Dynavax Technologies in Berkeley, California. He has over 14 years of experience in pharmaceutical chemistry. He was involved in the development of Fluad adju-vated flu vaccine as well as various subunit vaccines, adjuvants, vaccine conjugates, and protein therapeutics. He earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Imperial College, University of London, United Kingdom. 

ITABLE 11.3. Novel adjuvant systems and vaccine delivery technologies... 

Schijns VE,Tangras A. Vaccine adjuvant technology from theoretical mechanisms to practical approaches. Dev Biol 2005 121 127-34. 

Olive, C., Batzloff, M., Horvath, A., et al. (2003) Potential of lipid core peptide technology as a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens. Infection and Immunity 71, 2373-2383. 

Since the first discovery and characterization of liposomes in 1965 (Bangham et al.), they have been applied in several technologies, such as drug delivery (189-191), gene delivery (191-193), adjuvant formulation (194-196), vaccine (197-199), skin care (199,200), and immunosensor development (177-187, 201-204). 

In the search for new vaccines against anthrax, manufacturers have aimed for better quality purified protective antigen vaccines with better adjuvants, vaccines made through recombinant gene technology, and mutant vaccines with altered protective antigens. 

Two commercial vaccines based on virosome technology are currendy on the market. Epaxal (Berna Biotech Ltd, Bern, Switzerland), a hepatitis A vaccine, has inactivated hepatitis A virus particles adsorbed on the surface of the immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV). In Inflexal V (Berna Biotech Ltd) the virosome components themselves are the vaccine protective antigens (185). Recently, in phase I study liposome-encapsulated malaria vaccine (containing monophosphoryl lipid A as adjuvant in the bilayer), the formulation showed induction of higher level of anti-malaria antibody in human volunteers (186). Some liposomal formulations are under investigation in preclinical studies against Yersina pestis, ricin toxin and Ebola Zaire virus (77, 187). 

The new route is thus to avoid all contact with Nature and make vaccine synthetically, by chemically joining amino acids together to make the epitopes, and add molecular adjuvant in a very fine-tuned way. The route may be unfamiliar to many because technology in chemical and protein chemosynthesis has only relatively recently made major advances in scale and purity of these synthetic constructs, and is still in the hands of a few experts. Nonetheless, a mix of existing proteins plus synthetic constructs is not revolutionary. It has been applied in veterinary science, although the perceived FDA response is that it is conservative in regarding such as too new for humans. 

Polymethylsiloxane (PMS) materials with ID (PDMS) or 2D/3D (PMS) siloxane backbone have drawn considerable fundamental and technological interest because of their applications as components of nanocomposites, copolymers for synthesis of ion conducting polymeric materials, chromatographic adsorbent, a component of medicinal preparations (e.g., Cleocin, Universal Washaid, United States), implants, adjuvant Capsil (Aquatrols, USA Scotts, USA), a vaccine adjuvant, etc. Additionally, PMS in the form of hydrogel (CpMs 10 wt%) is utilized as a medicinal enterosorbent Enterosgel (Kreoma-Pharm, Ukraine). Functionalized PMSs are used for modification and functionalization of solid surfaces. They are also used as supports for catalysts, or as polymer backbones for preparation of liquid crystalline polymers. 

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