Adenosine triphosphate sources

Phosphorus. Eighty-five percent of the phosphoms, the second most abundant element in the human body, is located in bones and teeth (24,35). Whereas there is constant exchange of calcium and phosphoms between bones and blood, there is very Httle turnover in teeth (25). The Ca P ratio in bones is constant at about 2 1. Every tissue and cell contains phosphoms, generally as a salt or ester of mono-, di-, or tribasic phosphoric acid, as phosphoHpids, or as phosphorylated sugars (24). Phosphoms is involved in a large number and wide variety of metaboHc functions. Examples are carbohydrate metaboHsm (36,37), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from fatty acid metaboHsm (38), and oxidative phosphorylation (36,39). Common food sources rich in phosphoms are Hsted in Table 5 (see also Phosphorus compounds). 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a purine nucleotide involved in extracellular signalling, as well as acting as an intracellular energy source. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an extremely important molecule in biological systems. Consult standard reference sources in your library to describe how this molecule is used in energy transfer to facilitate nonspontaneous processes necessary for life. 

Phosphate condensation reactions play an essential role in metabolism. Recall from Section 14.6 that the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requires an input of free energy ADP -I-H3 PO4 ATP +H2O AG° — +30.6kJ As also described in that section, ATP serves as a major biochemical energy source, releasing energy in the reverse, hydrolysis, reaction. The ease of interchanging O—H and O—P bonds probably accounts for the fact that nature chose a phosphate condensation/hydrolysis reaction for energy storage and transport. 

ECF. Note that phosphorus is the major anion within the cells. Given this distribution, serum phosphate concentration does not accurately reflect total body phosphorus stores. Phosphorus is expressed in milligrams (mg) or millimoles (mmol), not as milliequivalents (mEq). Because phosphorus is the source of phosphate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phospholipid synthesis, manifestations of phosphorus imbalance are variable. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The principal chemical energy source for cellular processes. It is largely produced during aerobic metabolism. In the neuron most ATP is used in the maintenance of the electrochemical gradient required to generate an action potential. 

Mitochondria produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. This process uses oxygen and simple sugars to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell s main energy source. A set of enzyme complexes, designated as complexes I-V, carry out oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria. 

Phosphorus A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP the primary energy source for the body s cells.) [nih]... 

In some cases, enzymes require the assistance of coenzymes (cofactors) to ensure the reactions proceed. Coenzymes include vitamins, metal ions, acids, and bases. They can act as transporters or electron acceptors or be involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. At the completion of the reaction, coenzymes are released, and they do not form part of the products. For some reactions that are energetically unfavorable, an energy source provided by the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is needed to ensure the reactions proceed, as shown in the following reactions ... 

The allotropes and compounds of phosphorus have many important uses and are an essential commercial commodity. Phosphorus is essential to all living tissue, both plant and animal. It is the main element in the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy source for living things. 

The substance that is the immediate source of energy for many biological reactions is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Although this is a rather large and complex molecule, the business end for the purpose of this discussion is the triphosphate group. Hydrolysis of this group can occur to give adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), or adenosine itself ... 

AMP aminohydrolase, an enzyme relatively specific for AMP, has been observed in reptiles (44), erythrocytes (38), snail (45), unfertilized fish eggs (46), invertebrates (47), a variety of mammalian tissues (20), and a particulate fraction of pea seeds (48). Evidence suggests that the frog muscle AMP aminohydrolase is located within or just beneath the sarcolemma (49). The rabbit skeletal and heart muscle enzymes were found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria (20, Jfi, 50, 51), while the enzyme of kidneys and gills of freshwater fish was located in the cytoplasmic fraction (52). The enzyme occurs in most areas of the rat (53) and rabbit brain (54). The nonspecific enzyme from several microbial sources deaminates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as well as AMP (see Section V). 

Third, the quantitative differences in concentration of the four enzymes vary appreciably therefore making several venoms an undesirable source of exonuclease (5). All partially purified preparations of venom exonuclease exhibit adenosine triphosphate-pyrophosphatase activity (cleavage of the a-/3 linkage). Pfleiderer and Ortanderl (14a) studied this issue and showed that during purification the ratio of the two activities remains constant, concluding that both activities are intrinsic properties of the same enzyme. 

Biochemical reactions frequently require energy. The most common source of chemical energy used is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The splitting of a phosphate from the ATP molecule can provide the energy needed to make an otherwise unfavorable reaction proceed in the desired direction. 

ATP An Energy Source When glucose is oxidized in the living cell, the energy released is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an anhydride of phosphoric acid. As with most anhydrides, hydrolysis of ATP is highly exothermic. The hydrolysis products are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. 

All food contains chemicals. These chemicals are the source of energy. The energy can be released in several ways. The chemical bonds in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are termed high-energy bonds and the processes of oxidation and reduction are involved in making and breaking these. 

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