Additives protamine

Allergy still occurs to additives (protamine), to the preservative, e.g. phenol, cresol, or to insulin itself. It may take the form of local reactions (inflammatory or fat atrophy) or of insulin resistance. 

Insulin is ordered by die generic name (insulin zinc suspension, extended) or the trade (brand) name (Humulin U) (see the Summary Drug Table Insulin Preparations). The nurse must never substitute one brand of insulin for anodier unless the substitution is approved by the health care provider because some patients may be sensitive to changes in brands of insulin. In addition, it is important never to substitute one type of insulin for anodier. For example, do not use insulin zinc suspension instead of die prescribed protamine zinc insulin. 

It has been reported that the plasmid vector is unable to translocate to the nucleus unless complexed in the cytoplasm with nuclear proteins possessing NLS. NLS are short karyophilic peptides on proteins that bind to specific transporter molecules in the cytoplasm, mediating their passage through the pore complexes to the nucleus. Examples of these peptides will be given later in this section. DNA can also be presented to cells in culture as a complex with polycations such as polylysine, or basic proteins such as protamine, total histones or specific histone fractions (110), cationized albumin, and others. These molecules increase the transfection efficiency. In addition histone HI is identified as transfection-enhancing protein in cell culture (111). 

Additional information <1> (<1> isozyme of calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase II in smooth-muscle [5] <1> caldesmon is not a substrate of smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase [3] <1> no substrates are bovine cardiac C-protein, bovine brain fodrin, rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase, phosphorylase B, troponon (I -I- T -I- C), actin, tropomyosin, smooth-muscle actin, filamin, vinculin, cr-actinin, protamine or phosvitin [1]) [1-3]... 

In a study of the inhibition of components of the cytochrome systems by maeromolecular poly-ions, Person and Fine205-20 showed that such polycations as protamine sulfate, histone, and ribonuclease inhibit the cytochrome oxidase activity of various systems. The inhibition could be reversed by the addition- of poly-ions (and, especially, by polyglucose sulfate) the latter was also shown to inhibit the oxidase system reversibly. 

Premeal hyperglycemia is common. The short action of insulin lispro can then be extended by the addition of protamine zinc insulin. In a 3-month study in addition to a once-daily injection of protamine zinc insulin, at each meal insulin lispro or insulin lispro + protamine zinc insulin was injected the postprandial blood glucose concentration was lower, but the post-absorptive glucose concentration was higher in the insulin lispro-only group there was no difference in HbAic. The addition of protamine zinc insulin (30% at breakfast, 40% at lunch, and 10% at dinner) improved post-absorptive glucose and HbAic (12). 

Addition of polyelectrolyte DNA-condensing agents such as polyethyleneimine, polylysine, protamine sulfate, etc., before the addition of cationic lipids has become a widely accepted practice in an effort to stabilize and optimize lipoplexes performance... 

In addition to protamine sulfate, a number of other cationic polymers have been used to condense DNA [11]. 

The replacement of unfractionated heparin by LMWHs in all indications. Although LMWHs have been used for interventional purposes, these drugs have not still gained the approval of the US FDA for this purpose. This is primarily due to the lack of clinical trial data on specific products and an understanding of the mechanisms of action. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs are different from that of unfractionated heparin and require further studies. LMWHs are only partially neutralized by protamine sulfate. Thus, additional data on their safety and efficacy in interventional indications are needed. 

Since protamine is routinely used to neutralize heparin in blood at the end of surgery, the detection of heparin is also possible with the previous ICS when protamine is attached to the SAM-covered electrodes. In a continuation of their protamine work, Umezawa et al. tested two different approaches and attached protamine electrostatically to the thioctic acid SAM (M13) as well as covalently through amide bonds (M14), and used the anionic probes [Fe(CN)6]3- and [Mo(CN)g]4- for detection (Fig. 19.9).79 The authors found that in the covalent case, the surface coverage of protamine is higher than in the electrostatic case however, the former electrodes were not reusable. In addition, they also used a quaternary ammonium salt as receptor instead of the thioctic acid/protamine pair and employed [Mo(CN)g]4- and [Ru(NH3)6]3+ as probes. It was found that the system worked well and could be readily reused. However, M14 was found to be not as sensitive as M13 at higher heparin concentrations. 

Correct answer = C. Protamine complexes with insulin to form an insoluble complex that is slowly absorbed. Insulin is not administered orally because it is destroyed by proteases in the Gl tract. Diet therapy and/or sulfonylureas are often effective without additional insulin In the therapy of Type II diabetics. Ketoacidosis is the most life-threatening consequence of Type I diabetics and requires adequate treatment with insuiin, not sulfonylureas. Insulin acts by binding to specific receptors in the cell membrane, not in the nucleus. 

MnS04, H20 at a concentration of 100 mmol/L homogenate. In the experiments, the actual amounts were varied around these values. Streptomycin sulfate and manganous sulfate were added to cell homogenate as a powder protamine sulfate was added as aqueous solution. After addition of the requisite amount of a precipitant to cell homogenate, pH of solution was adjusted to 7.0-7.1, and the solution was stirred for 10 min. The precipitate was removed by centrifugation in a cold room and the supernate was analyzed for TDH activity and for the relative contents of proteins and nucleic acids. The results are presented in Figs. 2-4. 

Zinc is used in ointments and eye-lotions and is a constituent of different forms of insulin. In the former type of applications zinc oxide, zinc stearate and zinc undecanoate may be encountered in a variety of creams, ointments and pastes. Moody and Taylor [104] dissolved the residue from such samples after ether extraction (lg in 5 ml ether) in concentrated hydrochloric acid. After dilution, the determination can be completed at 213.9 nm in the air/acetylene flame where interferences are not normally encountered. Various analytical techniques for determining zinc in insulin injections have been critically compared [105] atomic absorption was preferred as being accurate, fast and precise. Spielhotz and Toralballa [106] reported a method capable of determining low levels of zinc in insulin. The sample (5 mg) was suspended in water (10 ml), 1 drop of 6M hydrochloric acid was added to effect dissolution. After making up to 50 ml the determination was completed using an air/acetylene flame. Alternatively protamine insulin solution (1 ml) may be diluted to 50 ml after the addition of 1 drop of acid. 

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