Additives glutaraldehyde

Uses. Union Carbide consumes its vinyl ether production in the manufacture of glutaraldehyde [111-30-8J. BASF and GAF consume most of their production as monomers (see Vinyl polymers). In addition to the homopolymers, the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether with maleic anhydride is of particular interest. 

The diffusion process has not been designed to ensure sterility, although temperatures above 65°C significantly retard microbial activity. Sulfur dioxide, thiocarbamates, glutaraldehyde, sodium bisulfite, and chlorine dioxide are all used, occasionally disregarding their redox incompatibilities, to knock down or control infections. The most common addition point is to the water from the pulp presses as it is returned to the diffuser. Surfactants ate almost... 

Recently, a two-part cross-catalyzed system has been developed that takes advantage of both the acceleration abilities of resorcinol resin and ester [179], The term cross-catalyzed is applied because the phenolic resin contains an accelerator-crosslinker for the resorcinol resin while the resorcinol resin carries an accelerator for the PF, in addition to itself being capable of improving PF cure speed. In each part, the resin carrier for the accelerator is not susceptible to acceleration by the material contained. It is only when the systems are mixed that the accelerators are activated. This system is faster and lower in cost than most of the resorcinol accelerators and gives better bonds (in wood products) than the ester cure alone [179], Another variant of the resorcinol approach utilizes resorcinol-glutaraldehyde resins [180-182],... 

Fixation tissue samples for immuno histochemistry were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde, 0.25% glutaraldehyde and 3% sucrose buffered with 0.05M phosphate buffer pH 7. After incubation for 2 hours at 25 °C and 63 hours at 5°C the specimens were washed 3 x 20 min. in phosphate buffer pH 7. Dehydration was carried out using series of ethanol washings 50, 70, 80, 96% followed by 3 x in 99% (V2 hr in each). After additional treatment with 2x2 hrs in petroleum ether (shellsol D70k, Q7712) and 2 x 2 hrs in paraffin with 7% beeswax, the samples were embedded in paraffin. Cross sections of 12.5 /im were made on a Supercut 2050 Reichart Jung pyramitome. 

Bisulfite Adduct. A bisulfite addition complex of an aldehyde or dialdehyde has been proposed for use as an antimicrobial agent [1858,1859]. The complex is less toxic than free glutaraldehyde. In oil wells, its digestion by the sulfate-reducing bacteria releases the free dialdehyde that controls the bacteria. In these ways, a more economic and environmentally safer use of antimicrobial additives is likely. 

A high diffusion coefficient increases the rate of diffusion, all else being the same. The diffusion coefficient is determined in part by molecular size and shape. Small molecules tend to have high diffusion coefficients, which is one reason why formaldehyde penetrates faster than glutaraldehyde. In addition, interactions between the chemical and its environment will influence the diffusion coefficient. Thus, if the chemical hydrogen bonds to the water around it, the diffusion coefficient will be lower and the rate of diffusion will be reduced. 

An additional reaction reported for adenine involves the coupling of glutaraldehyde to the 6-amino group (Matthews and Kricka, 1988). However, reaction at this group with electrophilic reagents such as those discussed in Section 2 proceeds more slowly than that possible... 

Schiff base interactions between aldehydes and amines typically are not stable enough to form irreversible linkages. These bonds may be reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride or a number of other suitable reductants (Chapter 2, Section 5) to form permanent secondary amine bonds. However, proteins crosslinked by glutaraldehyde without reduction nevertheless show stabilities unexplainable by simple Schiff base formation. The stability of such unreduced glutaraldehyde conjugates has been postulated to be due to the vinyl addition mechanism, which doesn t depend on the creation of Schiff bases. 

The reaction of glutaraldehyde with protein carriers and peptide haptens involves mainly lysine e-amine and N-terminal oc-amine groups. The conjugates formed are usually of high-molecular weight and may cause precipitation products. In addition, the orientation of the... 

Reactions with dialdehydes allow the introduction of two additional rings in one step. Thus, condensation of 1 -(2-aminoethyl)pyrrole with glutaraldehyde and benzotriazole gives tricyclic intermediate 627 in which the benzotriazolyl moiety can be readily substituted with nucleophiles to give products 628 (Scheme 97) <2002JOC8220>. Condensation of ethyl ester of L-tryptophan with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and benzotriazole in acetic acid gives tetracyclic intermediate 629 which upon treatment with nucleophiles (silyl derivatives) is converted to products 630 <1999T3489>. 

This compound is prepared by the addition of ethyl vinyl ether to acrolein, under conditions similar to those described for a similar addition of methyl vinyl ether to crotonaldehyde in Org. Syntheses, 34, 29 (1954) see Longley and Emerson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 3079 (1950). Glutaraldehyde is available currently as a 30% aqueous solution from the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company, 30 East 42nd Street, New York. 

For the cyclization of dialdehydes, however, its utility seems limited. Being a nitromethane addition product, it can readily undergo retro-nitromethane addition with alkali to give formaldehyde and nitromethane. Thus, it is not surprising that reaction of glutaraldehyde with 2-nitroethanol under the usual conditions (i.e. 1 molar equivalent of sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol) should yield 2-nitrocyclohexane-1,3-diol 5), a nitromethane cyclization product With catal5dic amounts of sodium hydroxide (pH 8—9), however, 1-hydroxymethyl-l-nitro-cyclohexane-2-6-diol (80) can be isolated in yields of 24—29%... 

On treatment of glutaraldehyde with 2-hydroxy-3-nitropropionic acid, only 2-nitrocyclohexane-l,3-diol could be isolated in 10% yield, indicating that, under the conditions used, a retro-aldol degradation takes place with liberation of nitromethane. However, when using methyl 2-methoxy-3-nitropropionate, which cannot undergo a retro-nitro-methane addition", products (101) and (102) are obtained in yields of 7 and 13% respectively... 

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