3-nitropropionic acid

These contain C-NO2 bonds in contrast to the nitrate esters of, for example, glycerol and pentae-rythritol with O-NO2 bonds. Nitroalkanes have been used as solvents, and there are a few naturally occurring nitroalkanes such as the glycoside of the toxic 3-nitropropionic acid and the 0-methyl... 

Cleren, C. Calingasan, N. Y. Chen, J. Beal, M. F. Celastrol protects against MPTP- and 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 2005, 94, 995-1004. 

Several other nitromethylene compounds, such as 1-nitropropane 8) phenyl nitromethane. 52) and 3-nitropropionic acid derivatives "9, have been tested for their ability to form cyclization products, in each case with glutaraldehyde as the standard dialdehyde component. 

The reaction of glutaraldehyde with 3-nitropropionic acid derivatives in each case 5delds complex mixtures, allowing the isolation of individual products in rather low yields only. 

On treatment of glutaraldehyde with 2-hydroxy-3-nitropropionic acid, only 2-nitrocyclohexane-l,3-diol could be isolated in 10% yield, indicating that, under the conditions used, a retro-aldol degradation takes place with liberation of nitromethane. However, when using methyl 2-methoxy-3-nitropropionate, which cannot undergo a retro-nitro-methane addition", products (101) and (102) are obtained in yields of 7 and 13% respectively... 

Chomcheon P, Wiyakrutta S, Sriubolmas N, Ngamrojanavanich N, Isarangkul D, Kittakoop P 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a potent antimycobacterial agent... 

A few novel N-containing and alkaloid products have been isolated from dicot plant endophytes recently. Although not nearly as numerous as the hydrocarbon products, the implications of some of these compounds are significant. Simplest among the amino and amide compounds are 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA)(167) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)(168). NPA is isolated frequently from plant tissues and it has significant biological activity. Chomcheon et isolated... 

Leventhal, L., Sortwell, C. E., Hanbury, R., Collier, T. J., Kordower, J. H., and Palfi, S., 2000, Cyclosporin A protects striatal neurons in vitro and in vivo from 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity, J. Comp. Neurol. 425, pp. 471-478... 

Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E are found in wheat germ. Furthermore, studies in mice have shown that administration of coenzyme Q10 elevate the level of mitochondrial a-tocopherol (Lass et al., 1999). Beal and his colleagues (2002) investigated the potential usefulness of coenzyme Q10 in animal models of PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and HD. It has been demonstrated that coenzyme Q10 can protect against striatal lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxins malonate and 3-nitropropionic acid. These toxins have been utilized to model the striatal pathology, which... 

Protect against cell death of cerebellar granule neurons and the increase in ROS induced by 3-nitropropionic acid [132]... 

Some neurons are more sensitive than others to the effects of a variety of toxicants that is, they display a selective vulnerability to neurotoxicants. For example, mitochondrial respiratory complex inhibitors such as cyanide and 3-nitropropionic acid are toxic to all cell types yet within the CNS, neurons in the basal ganglia (a group of regions that collectively control motor behavior) appear to be particularly sensitive to these agents. In most cases, selective vulnerability to neurotoxicants arises because of a unique combination of factors that predispose a cell type or region to particular insults. These factors may include the presence of certain ion channels, receptors or uptake sites, the activity level of xenobiotic metabolizing or antioxidant enzymes, the expression profile of neurotrophic factors or their receptors, and so on. Three CNS sites highly vulnerable to neurotoxicant effects are described separately below. 

Brouillet E, Hantraye P (1995) Effects of chronic MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin Neurol 8 469-473... 

Guyot MC, Palfi S, Stutzmann JM, Maziere M, Hantraye P, BrouiUet E (1997) Riluzole protects from motor deficits and striatal degeneration produced by systemic 3-nitropropionic acid... 

Kim GW, Chan PH (2001) Oxidative stress and neuronal DNA fragmentation mediate age-dependent vulnerability to the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid, in the mouse striatum. Neurobiol Dis 8 114-126... 

Ouary S, Bizat N, Altairac S, Menetrat H, Mittoux V, Conde F, Hantraye P, Bromllet E (2000) Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats implications for neuroprotection studies. Neuroscience... 

Pang Z, Geddes JW (1997) Mechanisms of cell death induced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid acute excitotoxic necrosis and delayed apoptosis. J Neurosci 17 3064-3073 Papp MI, Kahn JE, Lantos PL (1989) Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the CNS of patients with multiple system atrophy (striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and Shy-Drager syndrome). J Neurol Sci 94 79-100... 

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