Additive Prototyping Technologies

The additive prototyping processes have the advantage to create parts with complicated internal features that are difficult to manufacture otherwise. However, most additive prototyping technologies do not provide any information on part machinability and manufacturability of the design. The additive prototyping technologies are also subject to some other restrictions, such 

From the reverse engineering perspective, SLA provides an excellent tool to rapidly replicate a part with virtually identical geometric form and shape. It provides accurate dimensions and fine surface finishes. There is almost no limitation on part geometric complexity, but the part size is usually restricted. Most SLA machines can only produce the parts with a maximum size of about 50 X 50 X 60 cm (20 x 20 x 24 in.). The parts made of photopolymer by SLA are weaker than those made of engineering-grade resins, and therefore might not be suitable for certain functional tests. 

Parts produced by the direct metal laser sintering process. 

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In addition to the conventional manufacturing of physictil prototypes (e.g., CNC milling) the rapid prototype technologies (RPT) are gaining more and more importance. RPT makes it possible to produce a physical artifact directly from its CAD model without any tools. Thus, it is possible to build the prototype of a complex part within a few days rather than the several weeks it would take... 

Rapid Prototyping is the construction of complex three-dimensional parts using additive manufacturing technology. 

To solve this problem, Maruo et al. [10] proposed a two-photon laser rapid prototyping technology, now known as two-photon photopolymerization. In this scheme the laser was directly focused inside a liquid resin droplet and it polymerized the focal point volume by TPA. This technology firstly eliminates the requirement of thin additive liquid film and controls the longitudinal spatial resolution by focal spot size itself, and secondly, it provides the capability of writing arbitrary 3D patterns within the droplet volume, as can be done in 3D laser writing in solid matrix only if the resin viscosity is reasonably high. From this sense, the laser focus functions as a real 3D laser pen. 

The construction of an aberration-corrected TEM proved to be teclmically more demanding the point resolution of a conventional TEM today is of the order of 1-2 A. Therefore, the aim of a corrected TEM must be to increase the resolution beyond the 1 A barrier. This unplies a great number of additional stability problems, which can only be solved by the most modem technologies. The first corrected TEM prototype was presented by Flaider and coworkers [M]- Eigure BE 17.9 shows the unprovement in image quality and interpretability gained from the correction of the spherical aberration in the case of a materials science sample. 

Institute of Technology (MIT) [193]. Molecules were represented as line drawings on a homemade display (an oscilloscope (Figure 2-122). In addition, the system had diverse peripherals with many switches and buttons which allowed the modification of the scene. The heart of the. system was the. so-called Crystal Ball" which could rotate the molecule about all three orthogonal axes. This prototype cost approximately two million US dollars. 

On the LC/MS side, the offerings are limited. Other than certain prototype instrumentation26 only Waters offered with its MUX technology a type of parallel mass spectrometer ion interface. The Waters MUX technology does not truly operate in parallel, but multiplexes among combinations of four or eight liquid streams. Combined with Waters LockSpray technology even an additional fifth or ninth channel to introduce a reference mass was used. 

Perspectives of carbon taxes will be among the prime incentives for hydrogen and heat using industries to participate in public/private partnerships created to build prototypes and demonstrate clean hydrogen production technologies. Oil companies, petrochemical and steel industries are among the most exposed to additional costs imposed by carbon taxes to their current activities, as well as to future activities such as the production of synthetic fuels from coal, biomass or other hydrocarbon feedstock. 

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