Addition of Other Components

The above examples cover all four types of borders or contour lines found on simple metal-water Eh-pH diagrams. As a next step it is possible to add other components to the system such as CO2 or H2S, which produce new aqueous species and carbonate or sulfide minerals. We will illustrate this by adding CO2 to our Mn — H2O system. For details on how to include other components such as H2S/S04 and Si02 see Garrels and Christ (1965, Chapter 7). 

---

In recent years, there have been increasing reports on the study of the melting and crystallization behaviors of PE under high pressure by addition of other components. Nakafuku et al. [144-147] have reported that some high melting temperature diluents such as 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-tetrachlorobenzene I-, 3-, 5-tribromobenzene hexamethylbenzene and tetracontane affect the melting and crystallization processes, the phase transition, and... 

Individual size polymers may be used alone or in combination with one another and their performance may be further improved by the addition of other components such as waxes and lubricants. However, whilst sizing offers many benefits in the subsequent weaving of the yarns, it is anathema as far as wet processing is concerned. A typical sized yarn may contain as much as 34% of impurities, distributed as shown in Figure 10.15. These impurities can interfere with wetting-out and with bleaching. They may also affect coloration processes. Depending on the type of size and the dyes used, dye uptake may be increased or resisted ... 

The catalytic activity of the anode toward oxidation reactions is a dominant factor in determining SOFC performance, particularly with hydrocarbon fuels. In Cu—cermet anodes, the only role played by Cu is that of electronic conductor. The Cu does not appear to have any catalytic function, and the oxidation reaction in the TPB relies on the addition of other components, primarily ceria. The evidence for this is as follows. First, Cu—YSZ anodes that do not contain ceria exhibit very low performance, even though they are stable in hydrocarbon fuels. Second, substitution of Cu with Au has essentially no effect on anode performance. Since Au is usually thought to be catalytically inert, it seems unlikely that Cu and Au would perform in a similar manner if Cu had a catalytic function. 

Other enzymes alter them by hydrolytic removal of sugars, by isomerizaion, oxidation, and addition of other components such as phospho, sulfo, and acetal groups. For example, the presence of the H-antigen determinant, whose structure is shown in Box 4-C, is strictly regulated, both temporally and spatially, during vertebrate development.215 216 The relative amounts of the H determinant vs Lex, sLex (Box 4-C)... 

When water is mixed with another liquid, the number of bonds can increase, as, for instance, in water-ethanol solutions (structure formers) or decrease (structure breakers). However, in all cases, the tetrahedral structure vanishes (except, of course, for isotopic mixtures of light and heavy water). As a consequence, the anomalies of liquid water are strongly reduced upon addition of other components. For instance, 7% of ethanol is sufficient to completely suppress the maximum in the temperature dependence of the density of the mixture [9]. 

Still another application of thermomagnetic analysis to nickel catalysts relates to the addition of other components, such as copper, which may be thought to have a favorable influence on catalyst behavior. Nickel has a magnetic moment corresponding to 0.6 unpaired electron per atom in the d-band. Alloys of nickel and copper become progressively less magnetic until, at 60 atom % copper, the magnetic moment becomes zero. It is, therefore, a simple matter to determine to what extent solid solution has taken place if, say, some copper nitrate is added to the nickel solution used in preparation of the catalyst. Similarly, any influence of the copper on particle size distribution is readily observed. 

Addition of other components or ingredients also can influence nucleation and growth kinetics. For example, addition of... 

It is sometimes useful to measure the change of solubility of one component on addition of other components to the solvent. The equilibrium condition between pure solid 2 and the initial liquid solution is given by Eq. (11-179). After the addition of other components to the solvent the equilibrium condition between pure solid 2 and the liquid solution becomes... 

An interesting recent trend in DSC application can be found in the investigation of complexation systems that involve additional components other than drugs and CyDs. The major drive for doing such research is a desire to conveniently assess and/or understand the synergistic effect observed upon the addition of other components to a drug-CyD system. Mura et al. [43] studied ternary systems composed of naproxen, hydroxypropyl-) -CyD, and amino acids by DSC and other methods. 

With regard to PET fraction, the potential applications are strongly dependent on its purity (as discussed earlier). Applications like films, fibers, or straps are not recommended when a high concentration of impurities are present In this case, the PET fraction can be employed for structural applications as an engineering polymer with the addition of other components like glass fibers, impact modifiers, and/or nucleating systems. However, reuse of the PET fraction implies that the amount of residual PVC must be kept below 50 ppm to avoid undesirable polymer degradation that results in poor surface appearance and loss of mechanical properties of the manufactured products. 

Soon thereafter, Kolbe s comrade-in-arms, Frankland, submitted for publication a landmark paper that, similar to Brodie s and Hofmann s work, pointed toward serious anomalies in the copula theory. As a master (indeed, the founder) of organometallic chemistry, Frankland adduced examples of reactions that indicated that tin, zinc, mercury, antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, and nitrogen exhibit fixed maximum combining capacities with other atoms or radicals. Arsenic and antimony, for instance, seem to combine only with three or with five equivalents of other atoms or radicals. If the maximum capacity is reached, then only substitution, not addition, of other components can occur. Frankland had turned he now allied himself with the ammonia type theory of Hofmann and Wurtz, for the semimetals antimony and arsenic seemed to follow exactly the pattern established by the new organic nitrogen compounds of the latter chemists. The theory of copulas, he declared, could no longer be maintained. ... 

The phase behavior of ternary and quaternary systems of the type water-oil-surfactant-cosurfactant is affected strongly by the addition of other components. Therefore, it is questioned how the solubilization of soil during the use of microemulsions as cleaning media in the washing process influences their existence region in the phase diagram and their solubilization power. To test this effect, the temperature dependence of the phase behavior of samples 10-28 (see Table 2) after their use in model... 

Easily enhanced by the addition of other components, such as colorants, fillers, and active agents ... 

The separation factors for the Cg aromatics are composition dependent and may be profoundly altered by the addition of other components to the system. It is therefore essential to consider the performance of adsorbent-desorbent combinations rather than the performance of individual adsorbents and desorbents. What is required is a suitable combination of adsorbent and desorbent which, within the appropriate concentration range, gives an adequate separation factor between the components which are to be separated and for which the ancillary separations of extract and raffinate products from the desorbent are easily accomplished. The total number of theoretical plates required for the separation process is minimized when the desorbent is... 

Soluble Enzymes. Very many enzymes appear to be present in solution in cytoplasm. The glycolytic enzymes are all found in the soluble fraction of homogenates. The report that glycolysis is stimulated by the addition of other components cannot be evaluated now it may be that glycolysis does involve additional elements of the cell, or it may be that some enzymes are adsorbed to particles. The enzymes of many ATP-requiring reactions are found in the soluble fraction. Early work on many of these systems, such as those that form citrulline and arginine, showed a requirement for mitochondria, but this requirement was eventually found to be related only to the ability of mitochondria to form ATP. 

The temperature of the available cooling water and the possible condensation pressure can preclude the use of a special motive medium. Also, the variation of the vapour pressure diagram by the addition of other components must be regarded. The example of the twin component system, ethylene glycol/water, makes this point more clearly. Even small parts of water lead to a distinct decrease of the necessary cooling liquid temperature. For example, at 2 mbar and a water content of 1% condensation is possible at 35 °C, but even at 3% water content the condensation temperature has decreased to about 15 C. 

There has been a considerable amount of research which has investigated the addition of other components, notably other polymers, with poly(vinyl alcohol) to create a material with desirable characteristics and properties. This section will discuss the work involving pH-sensitive polymeric systems containing PVA and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) into a poly(vinyl alcohol) system to reduce protein adsorption will also be discussed. 

---