Ammonia, 106 type

My emphasis. Quoted by Michael Keas, "The Structure and Philosophy of Group Research," 111 who also quotes a letter from Hofmann to Hermann Kolbe (from a collection at the Deutsches Museum), in which Hofmann says that the entire history [Geschichte] of the ammonia type was completed in six weeks. In Keas, "The Structure and Philosophy of Group Research," 114. 

Laurent regarded glycocoll as belonging to the ammonia type of organic compounds it was supposed by Cahours to be a derivative of acetic acid, which supposition was only proved by its synthesis from brom-acetic acid and ammonia by Perkin and Duppa, and from chloracetic acid and ammonia by Cahours, both in 1858 —... 

Tbbss compounds are formed by the substitution of amidogen (NH,) for the oxatylio hydroxyl of organic acids. They are most conveniently written on the diadelphio type, but may also be formulated upon the ammonia type. 

Manifestations of nuclei tunneling in chemical reactions in gaseous, liquid, and solid phases are consecutively considered in Sects. 4.2-4.5. Also discussed in this chapter are (1) manifestations of nuclear tunneling in the vibrational spectra of ammonia-type molecules (Sect. 4.6), (2) electron tunneling in gas-phase chemical reactions of atom transfer (the so-called "harpoon reactions, Sect. 4.2), and (3) tunneling of hydrated electrons in the reactions of their recombination with some inorganic anions in aqueous solutions (Sect. 4.4). 

The most common functional templates are those of simple amino compounds 4, amino acids 5, and dipeptides 8 (Scheme 3). The simplest amino templates, the tris(ethylene amine) ammonia types 6, 7, and 9 first used in organic dendrimers, have only just begun to be applied in forming peptide dendrimers. Constrained and usual amino acids and heterocyclic compounds such as porphyrin 13, have also been reported.1691... 

M. N. Keas, The nature of organic bases and the ammonia type , in Die Allianz von Wissenschaft und Industrie August Wilhelm von Hofmann 1818-1892, ed. C. Meinel and H. Scholz, VCH, Weinheim, 1992. 

Reaction (a) is measurable at about 275°C. The rate of decomposition of Hagg carbide, reaction (b), depends upon the amount of carbidic carbon present. For a completely carbided synthetic-ammonia-type catalyst the reaction, which proceeds approximately according to Equation (2),... 

Eighteen fifty-three saw Gerhardt make a further improvement on the standing concept of structure (20). He proposed the "hydrogen," "hydrogen chloride," and "ammonia" type of molecule, as shown in Figure 8. 

FIGURE 3 Illustration of the superposition principle using ammonia and ammonia-type molecules. 

FIGURE 4 Sketched distribution of the nuclei in the ground state of an ammonia-type molecule. 

In other words, although the strange states T+ and P might exist for all isolated or reasonably well screened ammonia-type molecules, they usually do not arise in the case of small level splitting due to lability under external perturbations. 

PLizzy Classical Structures in Genuine Quantum Systems 103 TABLE I Ammonia-Type Molecules... 

The parameter level splitting in the case of the two-level ammonia-type molecules discussed previously can now be replaced by the molecules nuclear masses. With increasing nuclear masses (Mj, j = 1,2,...,K) one would expect a smaller probability of finding strange states such as superpositions of different isomers (in a thermal situation). In the limit Mj - the nuclei should behave entirely classically. Again, there is no reason to believe that some phase transition takes place at particular values for the nuclear masses. 

We have here a mere mathematical formalism. Let us consider a two-level description of an ammonia-type molecule (as before). We now introduce 2x2 density operators corresponding to the... 

Let us devise a Gedankenexperiment for a gas of ammonia-type molecules in a vessel at the pressure p = mbar and with a given inverse temperature /3 by making the following assumptions ... 

We have argued heuristically that certain molecular states are unstable under external perturbations. The symmetric ground state 4 + of an ammonia-type molecule, for example, seems to be unstable under external... 

Let us now again consider single ammonia-type molecules and first review the problem of the usual statistical formalism of quantum mechanics (which uses density operators and no particular decompositions of... 

An example of the latter can be given by some internal coordinate operator, such as the inversion coordinate operator q for an ammonia-type molecule (cf. Fig. 3). The decomposition of the thermal molecular state into (strictly) symmetry-adapted eigenstates such as and T leads to expectation values of q that are equal to zero ... 

FIGURE 12 Sketch of the expected probability density = P/3,expectation values of the inversion coordinate operator q with respect to the maximum entropy decomposition of the molecular thermal state of an ammonia-type molecule. This figure refers to some fixed inverse temperature. The expectation values of q concentrate around two possible values for positive and negative inversion coordinate, respectively. For increasing nuclear masses Mj, j= 1,2,..., the density is expected to become more sharply... 

The DuPont Co s petmissibles comprise three series of non-gelatinous ammonia types ... 

Since, further, the attack on a group of atoms may occur sometimes from the one side and sometimes from the other, a constituent part will at times have to be taken as belonging to the radical, while in other reactions it will appear to belong to the type. Even the very simplest compounds show such varying behavior, and in the most obvious manner. All cyano compounds, for instance, can in certain reactions be considered as compounds of the cyano radical N in other reactions (those in which nitrogen is offered the opportunity of forming ammonia) they appear as amide-like compounds, i.e. substances belonging to the ammonia type in which H is replaced by some residue, e.g. ... 

SCHEME 3. Modified ammonia type constitutional formulas for aniline dyes... 

Isopentylamine has an unpleasant ammonia type odor with a decay-like decomposition odor (Arctan-der, 1967). The flavor is described as weak, cocoa (Chemisis, 1979). 

---