Adaptive immune system vertebrates

IFNs are natural glycoproteins produced by the cells of most vertebrates in response to the challenge by foreign agents, such as infectious organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and by tumor cells. IFNs can be produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and by non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 

Describe major aspects of the vertebrate innate and adaptive immune system. In what ways do they cooperate ... 

Antibodies represent a class of flexible molecular adaptors that play a vital role in the adaptive immune systems of vertebrates [1]. First discovered by von Behring and Kitasato in 1890 [2], it was not before 1960 that their basic structure was determined by Porter and Edehnaim [3]. With their inherent diversity and heterogeneity, antibodies mediate humoral and cellular immune responses, and directly execute biochemical mechanisms such as antigen recognition, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) [4]. In most higher mammals, antibodies exist in five distinct classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE) that... 

Comment. Are there inherent errors in the installment of AID, APOBEC, RAG 1/2 and Revl in the superb adaptive immune system and DNA repair machinery, that could not be corrected as yet by the still evolving vertebrate mammalian (human) host Are reactivated ancient retroviral LTR inserts pathogenic (inducers of autoimmune and malignant diseases) Detailed assessment follows later. 

Rajnik M. Primitive vertebrate immunity What is the evolutionary derivation of molecules that define the adaptive immune system Marsh J, Goode JA, eds. Antimicrobial Peptides, Ciba Foundation Symposium 186. Chichester, England John Wiley and Sons, 1994 224-236. 

Abstract This chapter describes what is known about the main components and responses of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish. The chapter first reviews the organs, cells and molecules of the immune system known in a few economically important or model fish species. Molecular evidence suggests a similar immune system exists throughout the jawed vertebrates yet marked differences are also apparent. The innate parameters are at the forefront of fish immune defence and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for long lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. 

MARiuzzA RA, VELiKovsKY CA, DENG L, XU G, PANCER z (2010), Structural insights into the evolution of the adaptive immune system the variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless vertebrates , Biol Chem, 391,753-60. 

Fish represent the earliest class of vertebrates in which both innate and acquired, or adaptive, immune mechanisms are present. The innate immune system appears to play a central role in the response to infections in fish, whereas in mammals the adaptive immune system is more significant. The intrinsic inefficiency of the adaptive immune response in fish is due to its evolutionary status - it only possesses IgM-like responses - and, moreover, due to environmental constraints such as temperature, because of the poi-kilothermic nature of fish. These factors result in a limited antibody repertoire, poor affinity maturation and memory, slow lymphocyte proliferation, and a short-lived secondary response. ... 

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