Acute tests, pesticides

Activated charcoal, protection from herbicide action, 50 Activated sludge systeiss, disadvantage, 172 Acute tests, pesticides, 342 Adjuvants, function, 233 Adoption theory, operators likely to Implement technology, 256 Advanced Genetic Sciences Company (AGS), 320... 

Lemke, A.E. (1981) Interlaboratory Comparison. Acute Testing Set, EPA 600/3-81-005. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. 

Pharmacologically, carbofuran inhibits cholinesterase, resulting in stimulation of the central, parasympathetic, and somatic motor systems. Sensitive biochemical tests have been developed to measure cholinesterase inhibition in avian and mammalian brain and plasma samples and are useful in the forensic assessment of carbamate exposure in human and wildlife pesticide incidents (Bal-lantyne and Marrs Hunt and Hooper 1993). Acute toxic clinical effects resulting from carbofuran exposure in animals and humans appear to be completely reversible and have been successfully treated with atropine sulfate. However, treatment should occur as soon as possible after exposure because acute carbofuran toxicosis can be fatal younger age groups of various species are more susceptible than adults (Finlayson et al. 1979). Carbofuran labels indicate that application is forbidden to streams, lakes, or ponds. In addition, manufacturers have stated that carbofuran is poisonous if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Users are cautioned not to breathe carbofuran dust, fumes, or spray mist and treated areas should be avoided for at least 2 days (Anonymous 1971). Three points are emphasized at this juncture. First, some carbofuran degradation... 

Federal agencies such as the FDA and EPA require a battery of toxicity tests in laboratory animals to determine an additive s or a pesticide s potential for causing adverse health effects, such as cancer, birth defects, and adverse effects on the nervous system or other organs. Tests are conducted for both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) toxicity. For chronic effects other than cancer, laboratory animals are exposed to different doses to determine the level at which no adverse effects occur. This level is divided by an uncertainty or safety factor (usually 100) to account for the uncertainty of extrapolating from laboratory animals to humans and for individual human differences in... 

Death. Occupational mortality studies of pesticide workers exposed to heptachlor have not revealed an excess number of deaths in these cohorts compared to the general U.S. population. This may possibly be explained as a healthy worker effect. The ERA has described human case reports in which convulsions and death were reported following suicidal ingestion of technical-grade chlordane, which typically contains 6-30% heptachlor, but these effects cannot be attributed to heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. There are no controlled, quantitative human data for any route of exposure. Acute lethality data were located for animals exposed via the oral and dermal routes. Both heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide may be considered very toxic via the oral route on the basis of acute animal data in rats and mice. Intermediate oral exposure to these compounds also caused up to 40% and 100% mortality in rats and mice, respectively. There appear to be differences in sensitivity in males and females in some species with the males being most sensitive. Heptachlor epoxide is more toxic than heptachlor. Heptachlor may be considered very toxic to extremely toxic via the dermal route on the basis of acute lethality data in rats and mice. The severity of acute effects may possibly depend upon the extent of formation of heptachlor epoxide and the species tested. 

OECD. 2001a. Guidance document on acute oral toxicity testing. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 24. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. ENV/JM/MONO(2001)4. Paris OECD. 

P12 All cigarette types tested showed the presence of the three pesticides in the tobacco smoke, with flumetralin ranging from trace levels up to 37 ( 9) ng/dg, pendimethalin ranging from trace levels up to 10.4 ( 0.6) ng/cig, and trifluralin ranging from trace levels up to 47 ( 17) ng/dg. Acute toxicity information is presented for the three pesticides. (From Dane et al., 2006)... 

Patch testing demonstrated that between 10% and 28% of 88 Japanese farmers were sensitive to chlorothalonil and other pesticides. Thirty-five of these farmers had acute dermatitis. Photosensitization was involved in some cases. Reactions were also observed in greenhouse workers, vegetable farmers, and others with pesticide-induced dermatitis. Four cases of severe recurrent contact dermatitis have been reported in workers exposed to chlorothalonil-containing wood preservatives. ... 

LCS0 Concentration of an active ingredient in the air which, when inhaled, kills half of the test animals exposed to it expression of a compound s toxicity when present in the air as a gas, vapor, dust, or mist generally expressed in ppm when a gas or vapor, and in micrograms per liter when a dust or mist often used as the measure of acute inhalation toxicity. The lower the LC50 number value the more poisonous die pesticide. 

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