Activity of bisphenol

Tsutsumi Y, Haneda T, Nishida T (2001) Removal of estrogenic activities of bisphenol A and nonylphenol by oxidative enzymes from lignin-degrading basidiomycetes. Chemosphere 42 271-276... 

Masuda S, Terashima Y, Sano A, et al. Changes in the mutagenic and estrogenic activities of bisphenol A upon treatment with nitrite. MutatRes 2005 585(1-2) 137-46. 

Coleman KP, Toscano WA Jr, Wiese TE. QSAR models of the in vitro estrogen activity of bisphenol A analogs. QSAR Comb Sci 2003 22 78-88. 

Ashby J. and Tinwell H. (1998) Uterotrophic activity of bisphenol A in the immature, rat. Environ, Health Perspect. 106, 719-720. 

Leon Golberg based on a formulation of W. Lawson and its discovery excluded BPA from further study. In this way, the estrogenic activity of Bisphenol-A was practically forgotten for many years. 

Pubhcations have described the use of HFPO to prepare acyl fluorides (53), fluoroketones (54), fluorinated heterocycles (55), as well as serving as a source of difluorocarbene for the synthesis of numerous cycHc and acycHc compounds (56). The isomerization of HFPO to hexafluoroacetone by hydrogen fluoride has been used as part of a one-pot synthesis of bisphenol AF (57). HFPO has been used as the starting material for the preparation of optically active perfluorinated acids (58). The nmr spectmm of HFPO is given in Reference 59. The molecular stmcture of HFPO has been deterrnined by gas-phase electron diffraction (13). 

Bisphenol A Polycarbonate Resins. These resins are manufactured by interfacial polymerization (84,85). A small amount of resin is produced by melt-polymerization of bisphenol with diphenyl carbonate in Russia and the People s RepubHc of China. Melt technology continues to be developmental in Japan and the West, but no commercial activities have started-up to date, although some were active in the late 1960s. No reports of solvent-based PC manufacture have been received. 

Diphenol/thiophenol is one of the most important polymer precursors for synthesis of poly(aryl ethers) or poly-(aryl sulfides) in displacement polymerizations. Commonly used bisphenols are 4,4 -isopropylidene diphenol or bisphenol-A (BPA) due to their low price and easy availability. Other commercial bisphenols have also been reported [7,24,25]. Recently, synthesis of poly(aryl ethers) by the reaction of new bisphenol monomers with activated aromatic dihalides has been reported. The structures of the polymer precursors are described in Table 2. Poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxalines) have been synthesized by Connell et al. [26], by the reaction of bisphenols containing a preformed quinoxaline ring with... 

C—S—C) in the main chain. The new polyethers prepared either by new heteroarylene activated or by aromatic activated systems have good melt processability. The thermal stability and glass transition temperature of bisphenol-A based new polymers are shown in Table 10. 

The Ullman reaction has long been known as a method for the synthesis of aromatic ethers by the reaction of a phenol with an aromatic halide in the presence of a copper compound as a catalyst. It is a variation on the nucleophilic substitution reaction since a phenolic salt reacts with the halide. Nonactivated aromatic halides can be used in the synthesis of poly(arylene edier)s, dius providing a way of obtaining structures not available by the conventional nucleophilic route. The ease of halogen displacement was found to be the reverse of that observed for activated nucleophilic substitution reaction, that is, I > Br > Cl F. The polymerizations are conducted in benzophenone with a cuprous chloride-pyridine complex as a catalyst. Bromine compounds are the favored reactants.53,124 127 Poly(arylene ether)s have been prepared by Ullman coupling of bisphenols and... 

Clay-supported heteropoly acids such as H3PW12O40 are more active and selective heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of MTBE from methanol and tert-butanol, etherification of phenethyl alcohols with alkanols, and alkylation of hydroquinone with MTBE and tert-butanoi (Yadav and Kirthivasan, 1995 Yadav and Bokade, 1996 Yadav and Doshi, 2000), and synthesis of bisphenol-A (Yadav and Kirthivasan, 1997). 

The most interesting aminomethyl derivative of condensation polymers that we have prepared to date Is derived from direct reduction of poly(2-cyano-l,3-phenylene arylene ether), 20. Enchainment of benzonitrile repeat units Is accomplished by coupling 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile with the potassium salt of bisphenol-A copolymers with lower nitrile contents can be produced by copolycondensation of bisphenol-A, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.21 The pendent nitrile function provides an active site for further elaboration. 

A variety of substituted binaphthol and bisphenol complexes of titanium and zirconium have also been investigated as ethylene polymerization initiators. Of note, (62) and (63) exhibit activities of 350 gmmol-1 h-1 bar-1 and 1,580 gmmol-1 h-1 bar-1.190-192... 

The ability of surfactants to induce cell proliferation in in vitro and in vivo tests has been demonstrated for APs, some lineal alcohols and bisphenols. In contrast, APEO, LAS, SPCs, AG and APGs are devoid of estrogenic activity. In addition, it has been demonstrated that low chlorination of APs or low bromination of bisphenols does not affect estrogenicity but may affect the biodistribution of the resulting chemicals. It is proposed that surfactants in current use and new chemicals under development should be carefully tested for estrogenic activity. 

Yoon Y, Westerhoff P, Snyder SA, Esparza M (2003) HPLC-fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol A, 17P-estradiol, and 17a-ethynyl estradiol on powdered activated carbon. Water Res 37 3530-3537... 

Hu J-y, Aizawa T, Ookubo S (2002) Products of aqueous chlorination of bisphenol A and their estrogenic activity. Environ Sci Technol 36 1980-1987... 

Persistent photosensitivity developed in eight men after occupational exposure to hot epoxy resin fiimes. The condition was limited to sites contacted by the resin. Small doses of ultraviolet-A light evoked abnormal reactions consisting of erythema, edema, and papules in the clinically involved skin. Positive photopatch tests were observed to epoxy resin in four subjects and to bisphenol A in all subjects. Another study showed that bisphenol A can be released during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin in the temperature range of 250-350°C. Photosensitizing activity was explained by the formation of ftee radicals during exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation of bisphenol A vapor, to form a semiquinone derivative of bisphenol A ... 

Of all the compounds prepared in this work, these latter compounds, the ortho-linked compounds derived from dimercaptans, come the closest to realizing our objective of structures with the activity of a bisphenol and the nondiscoloring characteristics of a monocyclic phenol. For example, Table IV shows some results in cw-polybutadiene which demonstrate that a compound of the type XXVI is superior as a heat stabilizer to both 2,6-di-terf-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2,2 -methylenebis(4-methyl-6-ferf-butylphenol) in both activity and color. Screening results in cis-... 

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