Active glucose

R3. Radhakrishnan, A. N., Preparation of an active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 40, 546-547 (1960). 

C5a and C5a des Arg stimulate aerobic glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, glucose uptake and the respiratory burst of human neutrophils. All of these processes are stimulated in neutrophil suspensions incubated in the absence of cytochalasin B, but the responses are considerably enhanced if this inhibitor of microtubule assembly is present. Stimulated rates of oxidative metabolism are maximal within 2 min of addition of peptides, with half-maximal responses obtained at 30-60 nM C5a and 1-3 pM C5a des Arg. 

Lectins Acute Increased Heat Mobilisation of phase sympathetic production 0 Fuels proteins activity (glucose +... 

Enzymic activity values without parentheses are expressed as / moles of substrate hydrolyzed (hydrolase) or /imoles of glucose-6-P formed (transferase) per min per mg protein at 30°. Values in parentheses represent the ratios of indicated activity/glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase activity. 

Fig. 7.13 Dual glucose sensor based on two oxygen electrodes, one (a) covered with active glucose oxidase and other (b) with deactivated glucose oxidase...

However, nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) are still expensive substrates, which can be obtained from much more cheaper nucleoside monophosphates (NMP). In this respect we have combined the SuSy-catalyzed cleavage of sucrose with the enzymatic formation of NDPs from NMPs catalyzed by nucleoside monophosphate kinase (NMPK, EC 2.7.4.4) or myokinase (MK, EC 2.7.4.3), including in situ regeneration of ATP with pyruvate kinase (PK, EC 2.7.1.40) (Fig. 20) [272]. Testing the substrate spectrum of four different kinases disclosed that none of them accepted dTMP as substrate [272], However, dUMP was well accepted by NMPK and dUDP-activated glucose could also substitute dTDP-activated glucose as precursor for the synthesis of activated deoxysugars (see below). The excellent enzyme stabilities under synthesis... 

Fig. 20. Enzymatic synthesis of activated glucoses (25,26,28,29) starting from nucleoside monophosphates and sucrose (24). A nucleoside monophosphate kinase (EC 2.7.7.4) or myokinase (EC 2.7.4.3), B sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13)...

Table 5. Enzymatic synthesis of activated glucoses starting from sucrose und NMP [272]...

In summary, an efficient synthesis of nucleotide sugars could be achieved by using the repetitive batch technique. The estimated costs for enzymes and chemicals can be reduced by a factor of between 4 and 8 for the synthesis of 1 g of activated glucose [272],... 

Preparation and Characterization of Active Glucose Oxidase Immobilized to a Plasma-Polymerized Film... 

TPD MS data have shown a dramatic difference between the mechanism of thermal decomposition of bio-active (glucose containing) and less active... 

Gins may. also contribute to the mechanism whereby insulin activates glucose transport in adipocytes and heart. This has been suggested to be a two-step process where the first step involves the recruitment of inactive glucose carriers from an internal vesicle pool to the plasma membrane and the second step involves the activation of the newly inserted carriers in the plasma membrane (vide supra). It is possible that this second step may be controlled by Gins. The reasons for thinking that this may be so are related to observations that, under certain conditions, glucagon... 

When a reaction is susceptible to catalysis by Bronsted acids and bases, the phenomenon is characterized as generalized acid or basic catalysis. One of the earliest reactions discovered to be subject to such generalized acid-base catalysis was the mutarotation of optically active glucose ... 

Banhegyi G, Marcolongo P, Eulceri R, Hinds C, Burchell A, Benedetti A. Demonstration of a metabolically active glucose-6-phosphate pool in the lumen of liver microsomal vesicles. J. Biol. 

In 1957, Luis Leloir and his coworkers showed that glycogen is synthesized by a pathway that utilizes uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) rather than glucose 1-phosphate as the activated glucose donor. 

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