Activated nitrogen content

Reduced detergent levels can be supplemented by adding ashless dispersants to deliver the necessary piston cleanliness. But the dispersant s high contribution to viscosity means that compromises have to be made elsewhere in the formulation. Dispersants, for example, have a detrimental effect on fuel economy and may lead to restricted choices of basestock and viscosity modifier to meet viscometric requirements. Furthermore, the high active nitrogen content that makes dispersants effective can also cause problems with elastomer compatibility. 

A newer development is the use of urea in a mixture, called Carbatine , containing urea and creatine (Moss, 1992, p. 372). For the record, creatine is (a-methylguanido) acetic acid, with the chemical or molecular formula NH2C( NH)N(CH3)CH2C02H. It is an alkaloid or amino acid found in the muscles of vertebrates. The active nitrogen content is apparently greater compared to that of urea alone. Moss supphes the names of doctors who use urea therapy as well as suppliers for the creatine hydrate and Carbatine. 

Dry nitrocellulose, which bums rapidly and furiously, may detonate if present in large quantities or if confined. Nitrocellulose is a dangerous material to handle in the dry state because of sensitivity to friction, static electricity, impact, and heat. Nitrocellulose is always shipped wet with water or alcohol. The higher the nitrogen content the more sensitive it tends to be. Even nitrocellulose having 40% water detonates if confined and sufftcientiy activated. AH large-scale processes use nitric—sulfuric acid mixtures for nitration (127—132). 

Active Dry Yeast (ADY). The production of active dry yeast is very similar to the production of compressed yeast. However, a different strain of yeast is used and the nitrogen content is reduced to 7% of soHds compared with 8—9% for compressed yeast. The press cake made with the active dry yeast strain is extmded through a perforated plate in the form of thin strands with a diameter of 2—3 mm and a length of 3—10 mm. The strands are dried on endless belts of steel mesh in drying chambers (a continuous process) or in roto-louvre dryers (a batch process), with the temperature kept below 40°C. Drying time in drying chambers is 3—4 h and in roto-louvre dryers is 6 h or more. The final moisture level attained is 7.5—8%. 

In 1972, the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL), also under Contract to the FAA, published a report (Ref 15) describing a more detailed statistical and exptl assessment of this same fast neutron activation method for inspecting bag-gaga for the presence of expls. The LLL approach was directed towards a more quantitative evaluation of the nitrogen content background likely to be encountered in ordinary passenger luggage... 

New aluminophosphate oxynitrides solid basic catalysts have been synthesised by activation under ammonia of an AIPO4 precursor. When the nitrogen content increases, XPS points out two types of nitrogen phosphorus bonding. The conversions in Knoevenagel condensation are related to the surface nitrogen content. Platinum supported on aluminophosphate oxynitride is an active catalyst for isobutane dehydrogenation. 

Lignin amines with high nitrogen content are water soluble at both alkaline and acidic pH values. The lignin amines have various useful properties. For example, they are active as flocculants, filtration aids, scale inhibitors, fluid loss additives, oil well cement additives, and corrosion inhibitors among other potential uses. The nitrogen is introduced into the lignins with the Mannich reaction [1570]. 

FIG. 39. Electrical conductivity activation energy vs nitrogen content. (Reproduced from [14].)... 

The title compound (with 66.5% nitrogen content) is prepared by condensing formylhydrazine (2 mols, with elimination of 2H2O) by heating to 170°C. Dining a pilot production run in a 500 1 reactor, an explosion destroyed the vessel. The heat of decomposition of the compound was determined by thermal analysis as 1.5 kJ/g, with an energy of activation of 91 kJ/mol. 

The abiotic stress affecting microbial activity and growth in an interfacial microenvironment include factors such as light, moisture, temperature, pH, soil/sediment grain size, carbon/nitrogen content, and redox potential [40-43, 46,47,49-51,56-58]. 

The fast neutron activation (FNA) technology was an outgrowth of attempts to get more information than nitrogen content from neutron interrogation approaches. In FNA, high-energy neutrons, rather than thermahzed neutrons, are used to scan the contents of a container. Gammas from neutrons inelasticaUy scattered on... 

On nitrided aluminophosphates, AlPON, Massinon et al. [206] observed on a series of six samples with increasing nitrogen contents a good correlation between the catalytic activity in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction and the amount of surface NH, species (1 < x < 4) quantified by the Kjeldahl method. The authors suggest that those species are not the only active species and evoke an additional role of the nitride ions in the reaction [206] on the other hand, Benitez et al. [207] suggest hydroxyls linked to aluminum cations in the vicinity of terminal P-NH2 groups as basic centers. 

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