Activated carbon catalysts

The sulfur then reacts to form the polysulfide according to equation 12. The key is the use of a catalyst to promote the formation of elemental sulfur. Commercial systems are based on the use of air with an activated carbon catalyst (41). The need for additional sulfur is eliminated, but the sulfur level is... 

In another process sulfur monochloride, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine are allowed to react at 200°C in the presence of an activated carbon catalyst... 

SOj in inert water over an activated carbon catalyst. 

Benzene hydroxylation to Phenol with Iron impregnated Activated carbon Catalysts... 

In this work, catalysts containing iron supported on activated carbon were prepared and investigated for their catalytic performance in the direct production of phenol fiom benzene with hydrogen peroxide and the effect of Sn addition to iron loaded on activated carbon catalyst were also studied. 

Nitrogen adsorption experiments showed a typical t)q5e I isotherm for activated carbon catalysts. For iron impregnated catalysts the specific surface area decreased fix>m 1088 m /g (0.5 wt% Fe ) to 1020 m /g (5.0 wt% Fe). No agglomerization of metal tin or tin oxide was observed from the SEM image of 5Fe-0.5Sn/AC catalyst (Fig. 1). In Fig. 2 iron oxides on the catalyst surface can be seen from the X-Ray diffractions. The peaks of tin or tin oxide cannot be investigated because the quantity of loaded tin is very small and the dispersion of tin particle is high on the support surface. 

To study the effect of solvents, reactions carried out with acetonitrile ( benzene acetonitrile = 1 4.65, 1 6.58 mole ratio), and acetone (benzene acetone = 1 6.58 mole ratio) as solvents on 5.0 wt% iron impregnated activated carbon catalyst and the results were compared. The results are... 

GP22][R16] When using activated carbon catalysts (1.3mg 53-73 pm surface... 

For their experimental investigation of flow interruption, Haure et al. (1989) chose the catalytic oxidation of S02 over a high-surface-area activated carbon catalyst. Several research groups have studied this catalytic reaction and kinetics are available. It proceeds rapidly at 25°C and is controlled, at least partially, by 02 transport through the liquid phase. 

Lee, J.-K., Hudgins, R. R., and Silveston, P. L., S02 oxidation in a periodically operated trickle-bed comparison of activated carbon catalysts. Environ. Prog. 15(4), 239-244 (1996a). 

The removal of carbobenzyloxy (Cbz or Z) groups from amines or alcohols is of high interest in the fine chemicals, agricultural and pharmaceutical industry. Palladium on activated carbon is the catalyst of choice for these deprotection reactions. Nitrogen containing modifiers are known to influence the selectivity for certain deprotection reactions. In this paper we show the rate accelerating effect of certain N-containing modifiers on the deprotection of carbobenzyloxy protected amino acids in the presence of palladium on activated carbon catalysts. The experiments show that certain modifiers like pyridine and ethylenediamine increase the reaction rate and therefore shorten the reaction times compared to non-modified palladium catalysts. Triethylamine does not have an influence on the rate of deprotection. 

A commercially available 5% palladium on activated carbon catalyst from Degussa was used for the investigation. Commercially supplied N-(Carbo-benzyloxy)-L-phenylalanine (99%) was purchased from Aldrich. Modifiers such as pyridine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine and DABCO (Diazabicyclooctane) with a purity >99 % are also available commercially and were used as received. 

From Figure 4 it is visible that the electrodes with silver in the catalyst are more active than that with pure active carbon catalyst. Moreover, the increase of the amount of promoting silver in the catalyst results, as expected, in a higher activity of the electrode. 

Iliev I., Mrha J., Gamburzev S., Kaisheva A., On the effect of various active carbon catalysts on the behaviour of carbon gas-diffusion air electrodes, Journal Power Sources 1976/77 1 35-46. 

Recent work done by Xiong et al.84 on Co/AC (activated carbon) catalysts showed that a Co2C species formed during the catalyst reduction in hydrogen at 500°C. Evidence for the carbide in the Co/AC catalysts was obtained by x-ray diffraction and XPS measurements, and the formation of this Co2C species reduced the FTS activity over the Co-based catalysts. The presence of bulk carbide also seems to enhance alcohol selectivity.85... 

Also, manganese added to cobalt on activated carbon catalysts resulted in a decrease in bulk carbide formation during reduction and a decrease in the subsequent deactivation rate.84 Magnesium and yttrium added to the support in alumina-supported cobalt catalysts showed a lower extent of carburization. This was explained by a decrease in Lewis acidity of the alumina surface in the presence of these ions.87... 

The reaction, CO + Cl2 = > C0CI2, in the presence of activated carbon catalyst was studied at several temperatures with the results shown Potter Baron, CEP 47, 473, 1951). The controlling mechanism is believed to be reaction between adsorbed CO and Cl2, but the amount of adsorbed CO is relatively small. Find the Arrhenius constants of all the terms. 

After dimerization and separation of the product mixture from the palladium catalyst complex, the reaction mixture is hydrogenated over a 1% palladium on activated carbon catalyst. A 50 psig hydrogen pressure and a 100-125°C reaction temperature are... 

It was found that a nickel-activated carbon catalyst was effective for vapor phase carbonylation of dimethyl ether and methyl acetate under pressurized conditions in the presence of an iodide promoter. Methyl acetate was formed from dimethyl ether with a yield of 34% and a selectivity of 80% at 250 C and 40 atm, while acetic anhydride was synthesized from methyl acetate with a yield of 12% and a selectivity of 64% at 250 C and 51 atm. In both reactions, high pressure and high CO partial pressure favored the formation of the desired product. In spite of the reaction occurring under water-free conditions, a fairly large amount of acetic acid was formed in the carbonylation of methyl acetate. The route of acetic acid formation is discussed. A molybdenum-activated carbon catalyst was found to catalyze the carbonylation of dimethyl ether and methyl acetate. 

Table IV shows the reactivities of raw materials and products on a nickel-activated carbon catalyst and the effect of hydrogen on the reactions. When carbon monoxide and hydrogen were introduced into the catalyst, no product was formed. Thus, the hydrogenation of CO does not proceed at all. When methyl iodide was added to the above-mentioned feed, 43% of the methyl iodide was converted to methane. In the presence of methyl iodide small amounts of methane, methanol, and acetic acid were formed from methyl acetate, while small amounts of methane and acetic acid were also formed from acetic anhydride. Hydrogen fed with methyl acetate accelerated the formation of methane and acetic acid remarkably.

Table V shows the results obtained for the carbonylation of dimethyl ether and methyl acetate with molybdenum catalysts supported on various carrier materials. In the case of dimethyl ether carbonylation, molybdenum-activated carbon catalyst gave methyl acetate with an yield of 5.2% which was about one-third of the activity of nickel-activated carbon catalyst. Silica gel- or y-alumina-supported catalyst gave little carbonylated product. Similar results were obtained in the carbonylation of methyl acetate. The carbonylation activity occured only when molybdenum was supported on activated carbon, and it was about half the activity of nickel-activated carbon catalyst.

Table V. Carbonylation Activities of Supported Molybdenum and Nickel-Activated Carbon Catalysts ...

Rh > Ir > Ni > Pd > Co > Ru > Fe A plot of the relation between the catalytic activity and the affinity of the metals for halide ion resulted in a volcano shape. The rate determining step of the reaction was discussed on the basis of this affinity and the reaction order with respect to methyl iodide. Methanol was first carbonylated to methyl acetate directly or via dimethyl ether, then carbonylated again to acetic anhydride and finally quickly hydrolyzed to acetic acid. Overall kinetics were explored to simulate variable product profiles based on the reaction network mentioned above. Carbon monoxide was adsorbed weakly and associatively on nickel-activated-carbon catalysts. Carbon monoxide was adsorbed on nickel-y-alumina or nickel-silica gel catalysts more strongly and, in part, dissociatively,... 

It has been discovered that the performances of platinum and palladium catalysts may be improved by promotion with heavy metal salts. However, there is little information available about the role and chemical state of the promoter 8,9). We have recently found that a geometric blocking of active sites on a palladium-on-activated carbon catalyst, by lead or bismuth, suppresses the by-product formation in the oxidation of l-methoxy-2-propanol to methoxy-acetone 10). 

Another part of our investigation deals with the effect of heat treatment on the leaching behavior of palladium on activated carbon catalysts. Heat treatment is a known technique to increase the performance of catalysts. (3) Therefore, standard carbon supported palladium catalysts were exposed to different temperatures ranging from 100 to 400 °C under nitrogen. The catalysts were characterized by metal leaching, hydrogenation activity and CO-chemisorption. 

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