Acrylic acid Cyclohexane

Acetyl chloride, see 1.1.1-Trichloroethane Acetyl-CoA, see Cyclohexane Acetylene, see Benzene. Ethylenimine, Hexachloroethane, TCDD Acrolein, see Acrylonitrile, Allyl alcohol, Atrazine. Acrylamide, see Acrylonitrile Acrylic acid, see Acrylamide, Ethyl acrylate. Methyl acrylate... 

In the case of inverse systems, hydrophilic monomers such as hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylamide, and acrylic acid were miniemulsified in non-polar media, e.g., cyclohexane or hexadecane [45,46]. Rather small and narrow distributed latexes in a size range between 50 nmsynthesized with nonionic amphiphilic block copolymers. Depending on the system, the surfactant loads can be as low as 1.5 wt% per monomer, which is very low for an inverse heterophase polymerization reaction and clearly underlines the advantages of the miniemulsion technique. 

The Step 1 product (1427 parts) was converted into the corresponding acrylate ester by treating with acrylic acid (216 parts), sulfuric acid (5 parts) in methyl-cyclohexane (345 parts), hydroquinone monomethyl ether (3 parts), triphenyl phosphite (1 part), and hypophosphorous acid (1 part). The reaction continued until 44 parts of water were removed before beginning the vacuum distillation. The residue was purified by filtering through a K300 filter, and the acid number was determined. The product viscosity was adjusted to 330 mPas by the addition of 96 parts of acrylic acid, and a colorless product was isolated. 

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

IDegradation. Heating of succinic acid or anhydride yields y-ketopimelic dilactone, cyclohexane-1,4-dione, and a mixture of decomposition products that include acetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, acetaldeide, acrolein, oxalic acid, cyclopentanone, and furane. In argon atmosphere, thermal degradation of succinic anhydride takes place at 340°C (123). Electrolysis of succinic acid produces ethylene and acetylene. 

A significant number of works are concerned with the development of new membranes for the separation of mixtures of aromatic/alicyclic hydrocarbons [10,11,77-109]. For example, the following works can be mentioned. A mixture of cellulose ester and polyphosphonate ester (50 wt%) was used for benzene/cyclohexane separation [113]. High values of the separation factor and flux were achieved (up to 2 kg/m h). In order to achieve better fluxes and separation factors the attention was shifted to the modification of polymers by grafting technique. Grafted membranes were made of polyvinylidene fluoride with 4-vinyl pyridine or acrylic acid by irradiation [83]. 2-Hydroxy-3-(diethyl-amino) propyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer membranes with cyanuric chloride were prepared, which exhibited a superior separation factor /3p= 190 for a feed aromatic component concentration of 20 wt%. Graft copolymer membranes based on 2-hydroxyethyl methylacrylate-methylacrylate with thickness 10 pm were prepared [85]. The membranes yielded a flux of 0.7 kg/m h (for feed with 50 wt% of benzene) and excellent selectivity. Benzene concentration in permeate was about 100 wt%. A membrane based on polyvinyl alcohol and polyallyl amine was prepared [87]. For a feed containing 10 wt% of benzene the blend membrane yielded a flux of 1-3 kg/m h and a separation factor of 62. 

Carbomers are synthetic, high-molecular-weight, crosslinked polymers of acrylic acid. These poly(acrylic acid) polymers are crosslinked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol. The polymerization solvent used most commonly was benzene however, some of the newer commercially available grades of carbomer are manufactured using either ethyl acetate or a cyclohexane-ethyl acetate cosolvent mixture. The Carbopol ETD resins are produced in the cosolvent mixture with a proprietary polymerization aid, and these resins are crosslinked with a polyalkenyl polyether. 

FIG. 11 Pseudophase diagram for 30 wt% cyclohexane in water stabilized by PAA (Carbopol 980). The c values are shown as the curve drawn in the bottom left-hand corner of the diagram. (Reprinted from Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Aspects, 88, Lockhead RY, Rulinson CJ, An investigation of the mechanism by which hydrophobically modified hydrophilic polymers act as primary emulsifiers for oil in water emulsions. 1. Poly(acrylic acids) and hydroxyethyl celluloses. 27-32, Copyright (1994), with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

Hydroxycarbostyril (59) has been obtained by dehydrogenation of the product (58) that is obtained from allowing 3-amino-2-cyclohexenone (57) to react with acrylic acid (Scheme 38). The enaminone (57) is readily prepared from cyclohexane-1,3-dione and ammonia. 

Acrylic acid, benzyl ester AI3-03836 Benzyl acrylate EINECS 219-673-9 Melcril 4085 NSC 20964 2-Propenoic acid, phenylmethyl ester Sartomer SR 432 SR 432. Used as a monomer. Liquid bp = 228 , bps = 110-111 d O d 1.0573 km = 251, 257, 263, 267 nm (cyclohexane) insoluble in H2O, soluble in EtOH, EtzO, MezCO, CCI4. Danbert Chemical Co. 

Recently [48a] it was reported that Diels-Alder adducts of butadiene with acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, acrolein, and N-phenylmaleimide formed alternating copolymers with SO2. No copolymers were formed from butadiene/maleic anhydride adducts. As the temperature increased the yield decreased. The group on the cyclohexane ring had a considerable effect on the reactivity. 

Yoshikawa, M., Motoi, T. and Tsubouchi, K. 1999a. Speciality polymeric membranes. 11. Pervaporation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures through poly(vinylalcohol)-graft-poly(acrylic acid) membranes. J. Macromol. Sci. Pure Appl. Chem. A36(4) 621-631. 

Since diethyl ether is the solvent/precipitant mostly used in this system, the same pressurized Parr reactor in Fig. 2.3.4 was employed as the polymerization apparatus. The 2,2 -azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (V65) was used as initiator and obtained from Wako Chemical Co. The operating temperature is 80°C, and pressure at around 60 psig. Note that at this temperature, PS phase separates above the LCST and PAA phase separates below the UCST. As a comparison, copolymerization runs were done using cyclohexane as solvent, which dissolves PS at 80°C. The same apparatus was used to verify that pyridine and cyclohexane dissolve polystyrene at the operating temperature range (60-80°C), while poly(acrylic acid) phase precipitates below the UCST in ether and cyclohexane. 

A similar result can be concluded from the hydrophilicity of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymers. For example, it is well- known that at least 10 % hydrophilic segments is needed to disperse a statistical hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymer in water. Whereas, in our work with vinyl acetate-neutralized acrylic acid block copolymers, stable dispersion in water was achieved even at 4 wt % acrylic acid content (Caneba and Dar, 2005). Finally, a comparative study of permeabilities has been made between block and random copolymers for sorption and diffusion of cyclohexane in styrene-butadiene copolymers (Caneba et al., 1983-1984). Since the permeability is proportional to the product of the diffusivity and solubility, numerical results for 10 wt % S contents indicate an increase in permeability for the block copolymer membrane compared to the random copolymer membrane. 

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