Acrylic acid comparison

A lower max response at resonance was noted for poly butadiene-acrylic acid-containing pro-pints compared with polyurethane-containing opaque proplnts. Comparison of the measured response functions with predictions of theoretical models, which were modified to consider radiant-heat flux effects for translucent proplnts rather than pressure perturbations, suggest general agreement between theory and expt. The technique is suggested for study of the effects of proplnt-formulation variations on solid-proplnt combustion dynamics... 

Allyl alcohol + NHs- The coadsorption experiments were made by first putting the catalyst into contact with NH3 at 200°C followed by removal of gaseous NH3 at r.t. and then putting the catalyst with the chemisorbed ammonia into contact with the allyl alcohol at r.t. Using procedures for the coadsorption tests like those used for propylene + NH3, less resolved spectra were obtained. The more remarkable differences in comparison with the analogous spectra for propylene + NH3 (Fig. 3) or acrylic acid + NH3 coadsorption (see below) are that (i) the band in-... 

Comparison of the kinetic features observed in the bulk polymerization of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile... 

HorsfaU, J. A. and LoveU, K. V. 2002. Comparison of fuel cell performance of selected fluoropolymer and hydrocarbon based grafted copolymers incorporating acrylic acid and styrene sulfonic acid. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 13 381-390. 

Spontaneous polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine in the presence of polyacids was one of the earliest cases of template polymerization studied. Vinyl pyridine polymerizes without an additional initiator in the presence of both low molecular weight acids and polyacids such as poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), polyCvinyl phosphonic acid), or poly(styrene sulfonic acid). The polyacids, in comparison with low molecular weight acids, support much higher initial rates of polymerization and lead to different kinetic equations. The authors suggested that the reaction was initiated by zwitterions. The chain reaction mechanism includes anion addition to activated double bonds of quaternary salt molecules of 4-vinylpyridine, then propagation in the activated center, and termination of the growing center by protonization. The proposed structure of the product, obtained in the case of poly(acrylic acid), used as a template is ... 

A detailed description of ZnS Mn/AA nanocrystal is given elsewhere (17,18). The starting material is a mixed solution of Zn acetate and Mn acetate. The mixture was put into an Na2S solution with a solvent comprised of equal volumes of methanol and water. Acrylic acid was added just after precipitation. After centrifugation, the precipitate was dried in air at 50°C for 24 h. Commercial powders with average particle radius 250 nm were also used for comparison. 

Hirano et al. [150, 151] immobilized several peptides, RGDS, on ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA, acrylic acid content 20 wt%) film by reacting the amino-terminal of the peptide with the carboxylic acid of the copolymer with the aid of a water-soluble carbodiimide, to form EAA-co-NH-RGDX. Their objective was to examine effect of the fourth residue, X, on the cell-attachment activity of the tetrapeptide, RGDX, where X is S, V and T. They also examined the activity of RGD, YIGSR and YIGSR-NH2 for comparison. The cell lines used were ovary CHO-K1 cell (Chinese hamster), kidney NRK cell... 

Sanders et al. (1988) administered u-butyl [2,3- 4C]acrylate to rats orally at doses of 4, 40 and 400 mg/kg bw and intravenously at 40 mg/kg bw. After oral administration, n-but l aciy late was very rapidly absorbed and hydrolysed to acrylic acid, with more than 75% of the dose eliminated as its metabolic end product 4CO2 Some 10% of the dose was excreted in the urine, two metabolites being identified as the mercapturic acid N-acct>l-.S -(2-carboxycthyl)cystcinc and its sulfoxide. The elimination pattern of was essentially identical at all doses, but additional unidentified C peaks were present in the urine at 400 mg/kg. Comparison of the data from the two routes of administration suggested that u-butyl acrylate exhibited a first-pass efiect after oral dosing, but this was not investigated further. -Butyl acrylate was rapidly and extensively excreted, the tissues being cleared of -C by 24-72 h. After an initial rapid reduction, a small amount of O was retained in whole blood and adipose tissue, possibly by incorporation of C via the one-carbon pool. 

McLaughlin, J.E.. Pamo, J., Gamer, F.M., Clary, J.J., Thomas, W.C. Murphy, S.R. (1995) Comparison of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) dermal response in three strains of mice following repeated exposure to acrylic acid. Food chem. Toxicol., 33, 507-513... 

In this laboratory we have studied the interaction of methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid with the goal of positively identifying the site of addition to the polymer and hence proving the type of reaction. A comparison of the results for both BPO and AIBN as initiators is suggestive of the actual mechanism and site of attachment but it is not conclusive proof of the actual site of attachment. 

Similar mechanical data for a series of ionomers derived from a single ethylene—acrylic acid copolymer have appeared (13) (Table 3). Comparison of the data from Tables 2 and 3 shows that the substitution of acrylic acid for methacrylic acid has only minor effects on properties. 

The material balance of the strong-acid groups showed a theoretical total of 0.194 meq/gm polymer from the sodium lauryl ether sulfate, potassium persulfate, and sodium hydrosulfite, in comparison with a measured total of 0.205 meq/gm (0.026 on particle surface 0.179 in serum) by serum replacement and a total of 0.215 meq/gm by ion exchange with Dowex 50W(H+). The material balance of the acrylic acid showed that 29.9% was on the particle surface, 28.6% in the aqueous serum, and 41.5% buried inside the particle. The sodium lauryl ether sulfate found in the serum amounted to 78% of that added by Hyamine 1622 titration and 88% by thin-film chromatography. The nonylphenol polyoxyethylene adduct amounted to 113% by iodine-iodide titration and 91% by thin-film chromatography. ... 

The results obtained for reaction of acrylic acid (200 /iM) with tetrasulfide (1.25 mM 5 mM) as well as bisulfide (5 mM) are shown in Figurel. In the reaction with HS, the concentration of 3-MPA did not noticeably increase after treatment with TBP. If polysulfide ion was the actual reactive species in this reaction, then TBP treatment should have caused a significant increase of 3-MPA, in comparison to that without TBP. Therefore, these results indicate that HS was the reactive species in the sulfide medium. However, in the reaction of acrylate with the polysulfide ion, S42, determination of 3-MPA concentration after TBP treatment revealed a large increase, indicating that S42 reacted with acrylate to produce 3-tetrasulfidopropionic acid. The reactivity of tetrasulfide with acrylate was much higher than that of bisulfide. Similar results were also obtained for reaction of acrylonitrile with HS and S42 (Figure 2). The kinetic data are summarized in Table I. In the polysulfide senes low concentrations of 3-MPA were also observed without TBP treatment. It is possible that this 3-MPA was formed from uncatalyzed dissociation of the polysulfide addition product... 

Figure 1. Comparison of reactivities of HS and S42 with acrylic acid in seawater medium (salinity 35 and reaction pH 8.3 0.2) at 40°C. Determinations of 3-MPA were done after 2.3 h and 6.0 h reactions.

As a comparison and reproduction to recent works done by DeSimone and coworkers [2], attempts were made in the free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) with Azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. 

An example of a pyrogram of a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), CAS 9010-77-9, that contains 15 wt % acrylic acid is shown in Figure 6.1.8. For comparison, the pyrogram of pure high-density polyethylene is shown together with that of the copolymer (see also Figure 6.1.2.). The pyrolysis was done at 600° C in He with separation of a Carbowax column and MS detection, similarly to other polymers previously discussed in this book (see also Table 4.2.2). 

Besides water, another small molecule in the pyrolysate is CO2. This small molecule may be eliminated by various mechanisms including a hydrolysis of the amide groups with the formation of acrylic acid, followed by decarboxylation. Some small peaks In the pyrolysis of polyacrylamide are identical with those from poly(acrylic acid). Even traces of propanoic acid and propenoic acid are present in the acrylamide pyrolysate. A comparison between a time window 25.0 min. to 70 min. from the pyrogram of poly(acrylic acid) and from the pyrogram of polyacrylamide is shown in Figure 6.7.17. 

Figure 6.7.17. Comparison between a time window 25.0 min to 70 min. from the pyrogram of poly(acrylic acid)(see Figure 6.7.2) and from the pyrogram of polyacrylamide (see Figure 6.7.15).

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