Acrylic acid Cellulose

Condensation of an acrylic acid-cellulose graft copolymer with 5-amino-l,10-phe-nanthroline (233) has been utilized to provide polymer (234 Scheme 113) with the phenanthroline ligand oriented optimally for complexation (77MI11110). The polymer was described as exhibiting a strong sorption capacity for Co2+ and Cu2+ ions. 

Kozakiewicz J J and Maginess J E (1987) Characterization and free-radical polymerization of hquid-crystaUine acrylic acid cellulose acetate and iV-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone cellulose diacetate solution, J Appl Polym Sci 34 1109-1116. 

This reaction is utilized by Burrows et al. [70] to photoinitiate grafting of acrylamide, acrylic acid, methacrylamide, and acrylonitrile on cellulose triacetate in acidic aqueous solution. 

Another binary mixture, namely, (acrylic acid/ acrylamide) was grafted onto carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) [25]. 

Several authors have discussed the ion exchange potentials and membrane properties of grafted cellulose [135,136]. Radiation grafting of anionic and cationic monomers to impart ion exchange properties to polymer films and other structures is rather promising. Thus, grafting of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto polyethylene, polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a blend [98], and waste rubber powder [137,138], allows... 

KU-2 (KU-23) immobilized in cellulose grains copolymer of acrylic acid and divinylbenzene copolymer of methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene copolymer of methacrylic acid and IV.AT-hexamethylene dimethacrylamide... 

A number of synthetic polymers that are widely used commercially are soluble in water. These tend to have very polar functional groups and include such polymers as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), and the modified celluloses. 

The main polymers used as thickeners are modified celluloses and poly(acrylic acid). Several different modified celluloses are available, including methyl-, hydroxypropyl methyl-, and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose and their properties vary according to the number and distribution of the substituents and according to relative molar mass of the parent cellulose. Hence a range of materials is available, some of which dissolve more readily than others, and which provide a wide spread of possible solution viscosities. Poly(acrylic acid) is also used as a thickener, and is also available in a range of relative molar masses which give rise to give solutions of different viscosities. 

Carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol Combination of a cellulose ether with clay Amide-modified carboxyl-containing polysaccharide Sodium aluminate and magnesium oxide Thermally stable hydroxyethylcellulose 30% ammonium or sodium thiosulfate and 20% hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) Acrylic acid copolymer and oxyalkylene with hydrophobic group Copolymers acrylamide-acrylate and vinyl sulfonate-vinylamide Cationic polygalactomannans and anionic xanthan gum Copolymer from vinyl urethanes and acrylic acid or alkyl acrylates 2-Nitroalkyl ether-modified starch Polymer of glucuronic acid... 

Acrylic acid derivatives/esters Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)... 

The poor adhesion of carboxymethylcellulose to synthetic fibres means that where such fibres are present, it can only be effective in combination with a synthetic size polymer (Table 10.6). This needs to be taken into account when considering suitable desizing procedures. If this cellulose derivative is to be used in conjunction with an electrolyte-sensitive acrylic acid copolymer, it is advisable to choose a salt-free carboxymethylcellulose. 

Experimental studies of the adsorption of polyelectrolyte have been reported by several authors Pefferkom, Dejardin, and Varoqui (3) measured the hydrodynamic thickness of an alternating copolymer of maleic acid and ethyl vinyl ether adsorbed on the pore walls in cellulose ester filter as a function of the molecular weight and the concentration of NaCl. Robb et al. (4) studied the adsorption of carboxy methyl cellulose and poly (acrylic acid) onto surfaces of insoluble inorganic salts. However, their studies are limited to the measurements of adsorbance and the fraction of adsorbed segments. 

Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), cellulose solvent (with lithium chloride), 5 384 N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc), 23 703 extractive distillation solvent, 8 802 solvent for cotton, 8 21 N, AA-Dimethylacrylamide (DMA), 20 487 P,P-Dimethyl acrylic acid, physical properties, 5 35t Dimethylallylamine, 2 247... 

Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the polymers commonly used for preparation of beads poly (styrene-co-maleic acid) (=PS-MA) poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (=PMMA-MA) poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) (=PAN-AA) polyvinylchloride (=PVC) polysulfone (=PSulf) ethylcellulose (=EC) cellulose acetate (=CAc) polyacrylamide (=PAAm) poly(sty-rene-Wocfc-vinylpyrrolidone) (=PS-PVP) and Organically modified silica (=Ormosil). PS-MA is commercially available as an anhydride and negative charges on the bead surface are generated during preparation of the beads...

An interesting feature of current commercial products is that the polymer vehicles available for formulation have been limited to nonionic and anionic materials. The delivery vehicles available included off-the-shelf polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, soluble starch, hydroxyethyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(acrylic acid), and polyvinylpyrrolidone, or mixtures thereof. The choice of available polymeric delivery system primarily depends on component compatibility, aesthetics, and efficacy. However, by reliance upon available (off-the-shelf) systems, limitations on bioadhesion, drug bioavailability, contraceptive efficacy, and end-use characteristics has been limited. 

The graft copolymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and cellulose or starch are used as water absorbents and in enhanced oil recovery systems. 

Fig. 7 Maltotetraose hybrids with various carriers resulting in different chain architectures A poly(ethylene oxide) Ba and Bb poly(acrylic acid), amylose, cellulose, and other polysaccharides Ca cyclodextrin and multifunctional acids Cb amylopectin D crosslinked poly(acryl amide) [156] - Reproduced by permission of Wiley...

In a related application, polyelectrolyte microgels based on crosslinked cationic poly(allyl amine) and anionic polyfmethacrylic acid-co-epoxypropyl methacrylate) were studied by potentiometry, conductometry and turbidimetry [349]. In their neutralized (salt) form, the microgels fully complexed with linear polyelectrolytes (poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and polystyrene sulfonate)) as if the gels were themselves linear. However, if an acid/base reaction occurs between the linear polymers and the gels, it appears that only the surfaces of the gels form complexes. Previous work has addressed the fundamental characteristics of these complexes [350, 351] and has shown preferential complexation of cationic polyelectrolytes with crosslinked car-boxymethyl cellulose versus linear CMC [350], The departure from the 1 1 stoichiometry with the non-neutralized microgels may be due to the collapsed nature of these networks which prevents penetration of water soluble polyelectrolyte. 

The bioadhesive characteristics of tablets for oral use made from modified starch, poly(acrylic acid), polyethylene glycol) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were recently investigated [406]. In this work, the force and energy adhesion were determined in vitro, and maximum adhesion times were evaluated in vivo in humans [406], In the in vitro, studies, the poly(acrylic add) gave the best performance, however in vivo bioadhesion was not strongly correletated with... 

For (a), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (6-8), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) (9,10), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (9), and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) (11) are usually employed. Ober et al. reported that the copolymers of isobutylene/isoprene and various methacrylates, which have weak polarity, are appropriate stabilizers for... 

Metal oxides such as alumina Polyallyls Polybutadiene Polyamino acids Urethanes Acrylic polymers Cellulose Cross-linked dextrans Agarose... 

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