Acrylic acid calcium salt

Poly(acrylic acid, calcium salt) Ambient to 500... 

Poly(acrylic acid) and its salts have been known to have useful binding properties for some thirty years they have been used for soil consolidation (Lambe Michaels, 1954 Hopkins, 1955 Wilson Crisp, 1977) and as a flocculant (Woodberry, 1961). The most interesting of these applications is the in situ polymerization of calcium acrylate added to soil (de Mello, Hauser Lambe, 1953). But here we are concerned with cements formed from these polyacids. 

Many acrylic acid copolymers are water-soluble but unlike poly(vinyl alcohol) they are not degraded by alkali. In fact they need alkali for effective desizing as they are more soluble at alkaline pH than in neutral solutions. They are sensitive to acidic media, which should not be used. Solubilisation occurs by the formation of sodium carboxylate groups from the anionic polyacid. The polyelectrolyte formed in this way is readily soluble and shows a rapid rate of dissolution. However, the presence of electrolytes such as magnesium or calcium salts from hard water can inhibit removal [191]. 

Common suspending agents are poly(vinyl alcohols) of various molecular weights and degrees of hydrolysis, starches, gelatin, calcium phosphate (especially freshly precipitated calcium phosphate dispersed in water to be used in the preparation), salts of poly(acrylic acid), gum arabic, gum tragacanth, etc. 

Essentially, all primary skin irritants include acids, alkalis, metals, salts, and solvents. Among organic acids one may include acetic acid, acrylic acid, carbolic acid, chloroacetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, and salicylic acid. Among inorganic acids one may list arsenious acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. Alkalis include butylamines, ethylamines, ethanolamines, methylamines, propylamines, and triethanolamine. One also may include ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium cyanamide, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), and sodium silicate. 

Purified mercaptoacetic acid is sold in anhydrous or 85% aqueous forms, most often for subsequent conversion to the esters or to the ammonium, sodium, potassium, or calcium salts. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid is produced from metal hydro sulfides and either acrylic acid or acrylonitrile. Mercaptoethyl tallate is another mercapto-ester used in commercial organotin stabilizers. It is manufactured by a standard esterification of mercaptoethanol and tall oil, a mixture of fatty acids. 

Viscous liq. Strong acid. K at 25° = 3.11 X 10-. On distn or boiling with 50% H2SO, dec into water and acrylic add. Very so] in water, sol in alcohol, miscible with ether. Sodium salt, NaCjH deliquescent crystals, mp 143°. Calcium salt dihydrate, Ca(G,H,0 )].2H20, prisms, mp 140-145° freely sol in cold water. 

Modern theories of silicate structure do not assign the cations such a passive role, but assume that they are site bound in well-defined regions around the macromolecule. This is essentially similar to co-ordinating ions with ionic organic polymers, for example in the calcium or zinc salts of poly(acrylic acid). 

Synonyms 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with ethene, calcium salt Definition Copolymer of ethylene and calcium acrylate monomers Formula (C3FI4O2 C2FI4), xCa... 

Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester. See Isoamyl cinnamate 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester. See Isopropyl cinnamate 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, 3-phenyl-2-propenyl ester. See Cinnamyl cinnamate 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, 3-phenylpropyl ester. See 3-Phenyl propyl cinnamate Propenoic acid polymer. See Polyacrylic acid 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with ethene. See Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with ethene, calcium salt. See Ethylene/calcium acrylate copolymer 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with ethene and ethenyl acetate. See Ethylene/acrylic acid/vinyl acetate copolymer 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with ethene, magnesium salt. See Ethylene/magnesium acrylate copolymer... 

F. Beilstein/ by the action of silver oxide on j8-iodopropionic acid obtained what he called hydracrylic acid, since it decomposed on heating into water and acrylic acid, and he formulated it C12H22O11. Its correct formula was found by W. Moldenhauer.2 Heintz believed that it was the same as Wislicenus s ethylene lactic acid, giving a zinc-calcium double salt, but Wislicenus thought they were different. The position was first clarified by Erlenmeyer, who showed that Wislicenus s ethylene lactic acid is hydracrylic acid. Wisli-cenus had found that paralactic acid is optically active (dextro-rotatory), whilst ordinary fermentation lactic acid is inactive, and he supposed that they should be represented by the same formula, CH3 CH(0H)-C02H. He says (1869) Thus is given the first certainly proved case in which the number of isomers exceeds the number of possible structures. Facts like these compel us to explain diflFerent isomeric molecules with the same structural formula by different positions of their atoms in space, and to seek for definite representations of these. ... 

Tabtiang and Venables [20] studied the reaction of acrylic acid with the surface of calcium carbonate. The coating was carried out by means of a dry method and their results again demonstrate the complexities that can be encountered. IR spectro-metric analysis of the coated fillers showed that all the acid was converted to the salt form, even when amounts well in excess of that required for a monolayer were used. However, the authors found no evidence of monolayer adsorption, with about half the added material becoming insoluble in xylene, a good solvent for calcium acrylate, at all levels of addition. They concluded that, with the method of coating employed, small droplets react with the filler to produce calcium acrylate, some of which is bound to the filler, or insolubilized in some way, while the rest remains as the free salt. 

A photocuring technique based on an acrylate matrix has thus been employed to fabricate calcium and potassium electrodes which dispenses with the volatile casting solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran (64,79). Thus, the calcium salt of bis-[4-(l, l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]phosphoric acid (6 mass %) DOPP (18 mass %) Ebecryl 150-bisphenol A type epoxyacrylate (42 mass %) 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (26 mass %) and Uvecryl P36-copolymerizable benzophenone photoinitiator (8 mass %) were photolysed with a mercury lamp. Calcium ISEs with Nernstian slopes of 29.7 mV decade" were fabricated from the resultant clear, flexible, thin (0.1 mm) films (79). This procedure, which is unsuitable for a sensor or mediator absorbing in the ultraviolet, could find significant application in the realm of ISFET fabrication (64,79). 

The influences of the sodium salt of poly(acryhc acid) (PAA) on the crystaUiza-tion of CaC03 to act as an inhibitor for crystal formation has been intensively investigated [80,95,96]. In the presence of PAA imder a feed ration of a repeating imit of acrylate to calcium ions of 0.62 using the double-jet method, httle... 

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