Acid Hydrochloric Ortho

Conversion Partial acid hydrolysis Treatment with hydrochloric acid or ortho-phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid... 

By refluxing [6-amino-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]- or (6-amino-3-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)-malononitriles in acetic acid/hydrochloric acid, the malononitrile moiety is converted into the corresponding malonamide. This cyclizes with one of its amido groups with the ortho substituent to give eventually 2-amino-7-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-dihydropyrido[3,4-/)]pyrazine-8-Carbox-... 

The last paper (S30) presented activity coefficients for the undissociated part of the following weak electrolyte acids benzoic, ortho toluylic, salicylic, ortho-nitrobenzoic, acetic, monochloracetic and dichloracetic acids. In a study of binary solutions of sodium and potassium acetate. RandaU. McBain and White (S26) found the ionic activity coefficients to be very close in value to the ionic activity coefficients for binary sodium and potassium chloride solutions. Consequently, in Randall and Failey s paper on the activity coefficients of the undissociated part of weak electrolytes, the activity coefficients of the monobasic acids in salt solutions oi varying concentrations were assumed to be equal to the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid in the same or similar salt solution at the same concentration. This meant that ... 

High orthonovolac resins have been reported to be prepared by reacting phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of a divalent electropositive metal oxide, hydroxide, or organic salt based on sulfonates, fluoroborates, or acids selected from sulfonic or fluoroboric acid or mixtures [43]. This is in contrast to the conventional novolac resins prepared with strong acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or oxalic acid) and have a preponderance of para/para and ortho/para methylene bridges. The high ortho novolacs have mostly ortho/ortho methylene bridges such as ... 

Boron trioxide is not particularly soluble in water but it slowly dissolves to form both dioxo(HB02)(meta) and trioxo(H3B03) (ortho) boric acids. It is a dimorphous oxide and exists as either a glassy or a crystalline solid. Boron trioxide is an acidic oxide and combines with metal oxides and hydroxides to form borates, some of which have characteristic colours—a fact utilised in analysis as the "borax bead test , cf alumina p. 150. Boric acid. H3BO3. properly called trioxoboric acid, may be prepared by adding excess hydrochloric or sulphuric acid to a hot saturated solution of borax, sodium heptaoxotetraborate, Na2B407, when the only moderately soluble boric acid separates as white flaky crystals on cooling. Boric acid is a very weak monobasic acid it is, in fact, a Lewis acid since its acidity is due to an initial acceptance of a lone pair of electrons from water rather than direct proton donation as in the case of Lowry-Bronsted acids, i.e. 

Phenol may be nitrated with dilute nitric acid to 3deld a mixture of o- and nitrophenols the 3deld of p-nitrophenol is increased if a mixture of sodium nitiute and dilute sulphuric acid is employed. Upon steam distilling the mixture, the ortho isomer passes over in a substantially pure form the para isomer remains in the distillation flask, and can be readily isolated by extraction with hot 2 per cent, hydrochloric acid. The preparation of m-nitrophenol from wt-nitroaniline by means of the diazo reaction is described in Section IV,70. 

Bromine is used as an analytical reagent to determine the amount of unsaturation in organic compounds because carbon—carbon double bonds add bromine quantitatively, and for phenols which add bromine in the ortho and para positions. Standard bromine is added in excess and the amount unreacted is deterrnined by an indirect iodine titration. Bromine is also used to oxidize several elements, such as T1(I) to T1(III). Excess bromine is removed by adding phenol. Bromine plus an acid, such as nitric and/or hydrochloric, provides an oxidizing acid mixture usefiil in dissolving metal or mineral samples prior to analysis for sulfur. 

Synthesis of the remaining half of the molecule starts with the formation of the monomethyl ether (9) from orcinol (8). The carbon atom that is to serve as the bridge is introduced as an aldehyde by formylation with zinc cyanide and hydrochloric acid (10). The phenol is then protected as the acetate. Successive oxidation and treatment with thionyl chloride affords the protected acid chloride (11). Acylation of the free phenol group in 7 by means of 11 affords the ester, 12. The ester is then rearranged by an ortho-Fries reaction (catalyzed by either titanium... 

For the preparation of nitrocymene a method developed in the Colour Laboratory and described in the Jour, of Ind. and Eng. Chem. in 1918, p. 453, was used. The nitro group enters in the ortho position with respect to the methyl group. The reduction of this compound to aminocymene or cymidine was accomplished by means of iron powder and hydrochloric acid in exactly the same way as nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline. 

Step H Preparation of 4-fOrtho-(2, 3 -Dihydroxypropyloxycarbonyl)-PhenylJ-Amino-S-Trifluoromethylquinoline — Into a mixture of 60 cc of water and 12 cc of aqueous solution of 22°Be hydrochloric acid there was introduced 19.8 grams of 4-[ortho-(2, 3 -dihy-droxypropyloxycarbonyll-phenyl] -amino-8-trifluoromethylquinoline acetonide (obtained in Step G) and the temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 95°C and maintained at this temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 0°C and crystallization was allowed. The crude hydrochloride was recovered by filtration, washed and introduced into a mixture of 60 cc of dimethylformamide, 40 cc of water and 10 cc of triethylamine. 

Reaction XXXVI. Condensation of Carbon Tetrachloride with Phenols and simultaneous Hydrolysis (Tiemann-Reimer). (B., 10, 2185.)—This reaction is closely analogous to that of the formation of hydroxy-aldehydes by means of chloroform and caustic alkali (see p. 104). A mixture of a phenol, carbon tetrachloride and caustic soda or caustic potash solution is boiled. Condensation occurs, chiefly in the para-position, but small amounts of the ortho-acids are also formed. The product, after the excess of carbon tetrachloride has been removed, is saturated with carbon dioxide and the unchanged phenol extracted with ether. The hydroxy acids are then precipitated by acidification with hydrochloric acid. 

Reaction UV. (b) Condensation of Primary Aromatic Amines, other than Ortho Substituted, with two Molecules of certain Aldehydes (containing the group—CELjCHO) under the influence of Sulphuric or Hydrochloric Acid. (B., 16,2415 A., 249,110.)—Quinolines substituted in the benzene or in both nuclei may be formed, anils being formed intermediately. 

Cyclohexanone diethyl ketal was prepared according to a procedure by Howard and Lorette see Org. Synth., Collect. Vol. V 1973, 292 bp 80-83°C, 18 mm. The checkers prepared it by keeping cyclohexanone (50 g), triethyl ortho-formate (75 g) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.2 mL) in absolute ethanol (30 mL) for 10 hr at room temperature, followed by treatment with sodium hydroxide until the solution is basic. 

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