2- Acetylaminofluorene

Acetonitrile was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium assays, with or without metabolic activation. Positive results were obtained in a micronucleus assay, and weakly positive responses for sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations occurred in Chinese hamster ovary cells.  

In the rabbit eye, a drop of the liquid caused superficial injury. The liquid on the belly of a rabbit caused a faint erythema of short duration. The toxic effects of acetonitrile are attributed to the metabolic release of cyanide via hepatic metabolism cyanide in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase and thus impairs cellular respiration. Evidence of the cyanide effect is supported by the reported effectiveness of specific cyanide antidotes in acetonitrile poisonings.  

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for acetonitrile is 40 ppm (67mg/m ) with a short-term excursion level of 60 ppm (101 mg/m ). 

Amdur ML Accidental group exposure to acetonitrile.7 Ocoup Med 1 627-633, 1959 

Pozzani UC, Carpenter CP, Palm PE, et al An investigation of the mammalian toxicity of acetonitrile.7 Occup Med 1 634—642, 1959 

In some animal species, 2-AAF is known to be carcinogenic, whereas in other species it is noncarcinogenic. The species- and sex-specific carcinogenic potential of 

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Acetyl cyclohexane sulfonyl peroxide, 7 Acetyl Iodide, 7 Acetyl thiourea, 8 Acetylaminofluorene, 7 Acetylene, 7... 

The glucuronidation of bifirubin is discussed in Chapter 32 the reactions whereby xenobiotics are glu-curonidated are essentially similar. UDP-glucuronic acid is the glucuronyl donor, and a variety of glu-curonosyltransferases, present in both the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol, are the catalysts. Molecules such as 2-acetylaminofluorene (a carcinogen), aniline, benzoic acid, meprobamate (a tranquilizer), phenol, and... 

Kaderbhai MA et al. Alteration in the enzyme activity and polypeptide composition of rat endoplasmic reticulum during acute exposure to 2-acetylaminofluorene. Chem Biol Interact 1982 39 279-299. 

Neoplasms in several species of fishes have been produced experimentally with 3-methyl-cholanthrene, acetylaminofluorene, benzol a Ipyrcnc, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, with tumors evident 3 to 12 months postexposure (Couch and Harshbarger 1985 Hendricks et al. 1985 Hawkins et al. 1989). Under laboratory conditions, liver neoplasms were induced in two species of minnows (Poeciliopsis spp.) by repeated short-term exposures (6 h once a week, for... 

CYP1A2. CYP1A2 has been implicated in the activation of procarcinogenic species such as aflatoxin Bl, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and other arylamines. It tends to favor aromatic substrates, both heterocyclic aromatic substrates like caffeine and aromatic substrates like phenacetin (10). In the case of caffeine, 1A2 is the major isoform catalyzing the... 

Amides that undergo N-hydroxylation are often amides of arylamines (Fig. 4.87) some of which are carcinogens such as 2-acetylaminofluorene (Fig. 4.87). Initial N-hydroxylation of a hydrazine is similar to that of an amine however, further oxidation can lead to the formation of nitrogen gas and reactive species. The two-electron oxidation pathway is shown in Figure 4.87. Hydrazines also undergo one-electron oxidations but the intermediates are short-lived and these pathways are less well defined (154). 

Not only is the leaving group important, but if the reaction has SnI character, the stability of the positive charge left behind is also important. In the examples above, a primary carbocation is difficult to form and therefore the reaction of busulfan with glutathione would likely be a SN2-type reaction, whereas the nitrenium ion and carbocation formed from N -acetylaminofluorene and safrole, respectively, are relatively stable and likely to be Sn 1 -type reactions. 

Lai CC, Miller JA, Miller EC, et al. N-sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene is the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in the livers of infant male C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ FI (B6C3F1) mice. Carcinogenesis 1985 6(7) 1037— 1045. 

Poirier, M.C., Williams, G.M. and Yuspa, S.H. (1980). Effect of culture conditions cell type and species of origin on the distribution of acetylated and deacetylated deoxyguanosine C-8 adducts of A-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Mol. Pharmacol. 18 581-587. 

Benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons CYP1A2 Acetaminophen 2-Acetylaminofluorene 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Aminofluorene 2-Naphthylamine NNK ... 

Sato, S., Matsushima, T., Tanaka, N., Sugimura T. and Takashima, F. Hepatic tumors in the guppy (Lebistes retioulatus) induced by aflatoxin dimethylnitrosamine, and 2-acetylaminofluorene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1973) 50, 765-778. 

Poirier MC, DeCicco BT, Lieberman MW. 1975. Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair synthesis by tumor promotors in human diploid fibroblasts damage with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res 35 1392-1397. 

D. K. Monteith, S. C. Storm, A Comparison of the Inhibition of Deacetylase in Primary Cultures of Rat and Human Hepatocytes Effecting Metabolism and DNA-Binding of 2-Acetylaminofluorene , Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1990, 6, 269-284. 

C. C. Lai, E. C. Miller, A. Liem, The Essential Role of Microsomal Deacetylase Activity in the Metabolic Activation, DNA-(Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene Adduct Formation and Initiation of Liver Tumors by A-Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in the Livers of Infant Male B6C3Fj Mice , Carcinogenesis 1988, 9, 1295-1302. 

Acetamidofluorene, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetaminofluorene, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acetanhydride, see Acetic anhydride Acetasol, see Acetic acid Acetdimethylamide, see A,A-Dimethylacetamide Acetic acid, amyl ester, see Amyl acetate Acetic acid anhydride, see Acetic anhydride Acetic acid (aqueous soln), see Acetic acid Acetic acid, 2-butoxy ester, see sec-Butyl acetate Acetic acid, butyl ester, see Butyl acetate Acetic acid, sec-butyl ester, see sec-Butyl acetate Acetic acid, ferf-butyl ester, see ferf-Butyl acetate Acetic acid dimethylamide, see A,A-Dimethylacetamide Acetic acid, 1,3-dimethylbutyl ester, see sec-Hexyl acetate Acetic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, see ferf-Butyl acetate Acetic acid, ethenyl ester, see Vinyl acetate... 

Acetoxypropane, see Isopropyl acetate Acetyl acetate, see Acetic anhydride Acetyl aldehyde, see Acetaldehyde 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene A-Acetyl-2-aminofluorene, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acetyl anhydride, see Acetic anhydride... 

Amarthol fast orange R base, see 3-Nitroaniline Amatin, see Hexachlorobenzene Ameisenatod, see Lindane Ameisenmittel merck, see Lindane American Cyanamid 3422, see Parathion American Cyanamid 4049, see Malathion Amerstat 274, see Ethylenediamine Amfol, see Ammonia Amidox, see 2,4-D Amine 2,4,5-T for rice, see 2,4,5-T Aminic acid, see Formic acid 2-Aminoacetylfluorene, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene 4-Aminoaniline, see / Phenylenediamine p-Aminoaniline, see / Phenylenediamine 2-Aminoanisole, see oAnisidine 4-Aminoanisole, see p-Anisidine oAminoanisole, see oAnisidine joAminoanisole, see p-Anisidine Aminobenzene, see Aniline p-Aminobiphenyl, see 4-Aminobiphenyl 1-Aminobutane, see Butylamine l-Amino-4-chloroaniline, see 4-Chloroaniline l-Amino-4-chlorobenzene, see 4-Chloroaniline 1-Amino-p-chlorobenzene, see 4-Chloroaniline 4-Aminochlorobenzene, see 4-Chloroaniline p-Aminochlorobenzene, see 4-Chloroaniline 4-Aminodiphenyl, see 4-Aminobiphenyl... 

BRN 1912585, see Hexachlorobenzene BRN 1912384, see 2,4-Dinitrotoluene BRN 1913355, seep,p -DDE BRN 1914064, see Di-fl-butyl phthalate BRN 1914072, see p,p -DDD BRN 1915474, see Chlordane BRN 1915994, see Di-fl-octyl phthalate BRN 2049930, see Naled BRN 2051258, see Pindone BRN 2052046, see 2,6-Dinitrotoluene BRN 2054389, see 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol BRN 2055620, see 2,4,5-T BRN 2057367, see Methoxychlor BRN 2059093, see Parathion BRN 2062204, see Benzyl butyl phthalate BRN 2215168, see Diuron BRN 2542580, see EPN BRN 2807677, see 2-Acetylaminofluorene BRN 3195880, see a-BHC BRN 3196099, see Camphor BRN 3910347, see cis-Chlordane, frans-Chlordane Brocide, see 1,2-Dichloroethane Brodan, see Chlorpyrifos Bromchlophos, see Naled Bromex, see Naled Bromic ether, see Ethyl bromide Bromobenzol, see bromobenzene 4-Bromobiphenyl ether, see 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 4-Bromodiphenyl ether, see 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromodiphenyl ether, see 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether Bromoethane, see Ethyl bromide Bromofluoroform, see Bromotrifluoromethane Bromofume, see Ethylene dibromide Brom-o-gaz, see Methyl bromide Bromomethane, see Methyl bromide Bromomethyl chloride, see Bromochloromethane... 

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