Acetic acid reaction with ethanol

An ester is formed in the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol. For example, in the reaction of acetic acid, CH3COOH, with ethanol, C2H5OH, in an organic solvent, the ester known as ethyl acetate, CH3COOC2H5, and water form. The reaction is... 

Selectivity in formation of protective groups may also be achieved by a proper choice of reaction conditions and catalyst. Thus formation of the 3-monothioketal from 3,6-diketones is achieved by dilution of the ethane-dithiol-boron trifluoride reaction mixture with acetic acid. 3-Monocyanohydrins are obtained in good yield from 3,20-diketo-(5a)-pregnanes by diluting the exchange reaction with ethanol. Similarly, dilution of the... 

The yield of 1,3-PD for this reaction is 67% (mol/mol). If biomass formation is considered the theoretical maximal yield reduces to 64%. In the actual fermentation a number of other by-products are formed, i. e., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, and 2,3-butanediol, by the enterobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter agglomerans, butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum, and butanol by Clostridium pasteurianum (Fig. 1). All these by-products are associated with a loss in 1,3-PD relative to acetic acid, in particular ethanol and butanol, which do not contribute to the NADH2 pool at all. 

Carbonyl double bonds can also be photoelectrochemically reduced ZnS sols prepared from cold oxygen-free aqueous solutions ofZnSO4 and NajS induce efficient photodisproportionation of aldehydes, i.e., a photo-Canizzaro reaction Thus, acetaldehyde produces ethanol and acetic acid, together with smaller quantities of biacetyl and acetoin, Eq. (37). 

Conversion into p-aminoazobenzene. Dissolve 5g (0.025 mol) of finely powdered diazoaminobenzene in 12-15 g of aniline in a small flask and add 2.5 g of finely powdered aniline hydrochloride (1). Warm the mixture, with frequent shaking, on a water bath at 40-45 °C for 1 hour. Allow the reaction mixture to stand for 30 minutes. Then add 15 ml of glacial acetic acid diluted with an equal volume of water stir or shake the mixture in order to remove the excess of aniline in the form of its soluble acetate. Allow the mixture to stand, with frequent shaking, for 15 minutes filter the aminoazobenzene at the pump, wash with a little water and dry upon filter paper. Recrystallise the crude p-aminoazobenzene (3.5 g, 70% m.p. 120 °C) from 15-20 ml of carbon tetrachloride to obtain the pure compound, m.p. 125 °C. Alternatively, the compound may be recrystallised from dilute ethanol, to which a few drops of concentrated ammonia solution have been added. 

Reactions of 2-[l-(thietan-3-yl)-benzimidazolyl-2-thio]acetic acid 43a and 2-[T(l,l-dioxothietan-3-yl)-benzimida-zolyl-2-thio]acetic acid 43b with bases (amino alcohols or sodium hydroxide) led to the corresponding salts 44a-h. By treatment of the ethyl esters 45a and 45b, obtained by the reaction of acids 43a and 43b with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, with hydrazines, (benzimidazolyl-2-thio)acetic acid hydrazides 46a and 46b were synthesized and subsequently converted into the corresponding dihydrochlorides 47a and 47b (Scheme 16). Salts 44a-h and 47a and 47b were tested as immunotropic compounds <2001PCJ11>. 

The reactivity of i satin derivatives towards o/T/io-aminophenol and ortho-aminothiophenol has been the subject of a number of reports and some of the products obtained are quite intriguing. The first report attests that 1-acetylisatin reacts with o-aminophenol to furnish a ring opened product in ethanol as well as in AcOH. The same result occurred with o-aminothiophenol in acetic acid, whilst in ethanol two different products were formed in a disproportionation reaction, as can be inferred from the change of the oxidation state of what was the 1-acetyli satin C-3 ketone group. The structures were assigned based upon spectroscopic data and, for the benzothiazole derivative, on comparison with a sample... 

The diolefin complexes are much more stable than monoolefin complexes and can be prepared by the direct reaction of olefin with Na2PdCl4 in various solvents. The 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) complex is prepared by treating COD with Na2PdCl4 in acetone, acetic acid, water, or ethanol 34, 87) ... 

Aminotriazole-5-carboxamide, trichloroacetamidine, and acetic acid, refluxed in ethanol, gave 4-(a-amino-/5,/5,/5-trichloroethylidinaminotriazole-5-carboxamide (35) (24 hr, 82%). Several N-alkylated 4-aminotriazoles behaved similarly. With other amidines, the reaction did not stop at this stage but produced an 8-azapurine [79JCS(P1)922]. 

Platinum-iron on alumina catalysts were characterized by Mbssbauer spectroscopy (Section 4) and their activity tested. Iron in clusters with high Pt Fe ratios, about 5, and fully combined with platinum, was catalytically inert for the CO-H2 synthesis reaction, attributed to a decrease in the electron density of the iron as indicated by the Mbssbauer isomer shift. The direction of electron transfer was opposite to that proposed for alkali-metal promoted iron catalysts. At low Pt Fe ratio, 0.1, ferromagnetic iron as well as Fe " ions and PtFe clusters were produced and dominated the activity/selectivity pattern. Rhodium on silica catalysts produced C2-compounds containing oxygen, specifically acetic acid, acetaldehyde and ethanol, with methane as the other major product. The addition of iron moved the C2-product formation sharply in favour of ethanol and now methanol was also formed. ... 

This widely applicable method involves condensing the pyridine-3,4-diamine moiety with the a-dioxo function of the reaction partner. Reported conditions are 0°C in aqueous ethanol,112 room temperature in methanol,44 acetone/water,53 methanolic sodium methoxide,15 dilute sulfuric acid,97 or dilute hydrochloric acid.47 Others are heating at 60-100 C in water,113 aqueous acetic acid.114 ethanol/acetic acid,115 or ethanol.42,97,116,117... 

Preliminary runs with solvents such as dioxane and THF proved to be far less effective than a mixture of 3 1 acetic acid (AcOH) and ethanol (EtOH). Both AcOH and EtOH effectively couple with microwave irradiation and had the advantage that the starting materials were soluble under the reaction conditions at elevated temperatures, while the DHPM products 35 were comparatively insoluble at room temperature facilitating product isolation. Having selected the solvent, the next... 

Pervaporation membrane reactors are not a recent discovery. The use of a PVMR was proposed in a U.S. patent dating back to 1960 [3.6]. Though the technical details on membrane preparation and experimental apparatus were rather sketchy, the basic idea was described there, namely, the use of a water permeable polymeric membrane to drive an esterification reaction to completion. A more detailed description of a PVMR can be found in a later European patent [3.7], which described the use of a flat membrane (commercial PVA or Nafion ) placed in the middle of a reactor consisting of two half-cells. The reaction studied was the acetic acid esterification reaction with ethanol. For an ethanol to acetic acid ratio of 2, liquid hourly space velocities (LHSV) in the range of 2-5, and a temperature of 90 °C complete conversion of the acetic acid was reported. The use of PVMR for this reaction shows promise for process simplification, as indicated schematically in Figure 3.2, which shows a side-by-side comparison of a conventional and a proposed PVMR plant for ethyl acetate production. 

According to Angyal s recommendation,1 the optimal Sommelet reaction may be run without isolation of the hexaminium salt under such conditions 0.1 mole of halomethyl compound is heated under reflux for one or two hours with 30 g of hexamine in 90 mL of 50% acetic acid, or with 16.5 g of hexamine in 90 mL of 60% ethanol. 

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