Acetals chloral hydrate

TEST Formaldehyde (solution) Acetal d yde (solution) Paraldehyde Chloral hydrate Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde... 

Dichloroacetic acid is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of chloral hydrate [302-17-0] with sodium cyanide (31). It has been manufactured by the chlorination of acetic and chloroacetic acids (32), reduction of trichloroacetic acid (33), hydrolysis of pentachloroethane [76-01-7] (34), and hydrolysis of dichloroacetyl chloride. Due to similar boiling points, the separation of dichloroacetic acid from chloroacetic acid is not practical by conventional distillation. However, this separation has been accompHshed by the addition of a eotropeforming hydrocarbons such as bromoben2ene (35) or by distillation of the methyl or ethyl ester. 

Anesthesia. Materials that have unquestionable anesthetic properties are chloral hydrate [302-17-0] paraldehyde, dimethoxymethane [109-87-5] and acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. In iadustrial exposures, however, any action as an anesthesia is overshadowed by effects as a primary irritant, which prevent voluntary inhalation of any significant quantities. The small quantities which can be tolerated by inhalation are usually metabolized so rapidly that no anesthetic symptoms occur. 

Add excess of chloral hydrate (or of formaldehyde-acetic acid solution, 3 1) to the titrated solution in order to liberate the Zn from the cyanide complex, and titrate until the indicator turns blue. This gives the Zn only. The Cu content may then be found by difference. 

Heating a mixture of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-ll//-pyrido[2,l-b]quinazolin-ll-one (7) and acetyl and benzoyl chlorides, acetic anhydride, and vinyl acetate under reflux gave 6-condensation products (123), whereas reactions with ethyl chloroacetate, ethyl dichloroacetate, and chloral hydrate afforded 6-substituted products (124) (86MI7). 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-ll//-pyrido[2,l-b]quinazolin-l 1-one (7) and acetic anhydride, heated under reflux for 36 h, gave compound 123 (X = OAc, R = Me or X = Me, R = OAc, 18%) and its 6-acetyl derivative (124, R = COMe) in 31% yield (87JHC175 91JHC2071). 

Chlorinated acetate (see monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, chloral hydrate)... 

Chloral.—Chloral, or tri-chlor acet-aldehyde, was first prepared by Liebig in 1832 by the chlorination of alcohol as above. It may also be obtained by the direct action of chlorine upon acet-aldehyde. It is an oily liquid with a sweet suffocating odor. It boils at 97.7°. It does not mix with water but on boiling with water it forms a hydrated compound which crystallizes in large clear crystals, readily soluble in water. This is known as chloral hydrate. The structure of chloral hydrate is probably that of an addition product, viz., a, chlorinated di-hydroxy alcohol. In this compound we have an exception to the general rule that two hydroxyl groups can not be linked to the same carbon atom. 

It reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. It is oxidizable to tri-chlor acetic acid and, by the action of zinc and hydrochloric acid, is reduced to acet-aldehyde. Chloral is a most important soporific and is used in certain cases for anesthetic purposes. In this latter use it is always the readily soluble form of chloral hydrate which is employed. Its anesthetic action was, at first, attributed to the probable formation of chloroform but this is now doubted. 

Dibasic sodium phosphate is incompatible with alkaloids, antipyrine, chloral hydrate, lead acetate, pyrogallol, resorcinol and calcium gluconate, and ciprofloxacin. Interaction between calcium and phosphate, leading to the formation of insoluble calcium-phosphate precipitates, is possible in parenteral admixtures. 

Derivation (1) By treating chloral hydrate with fuming nitric acid. (2) From glacial acetic acid by the action of chlorine in the presence of sunlight, UV radiation, or catalysts. 

Butanol, iso-(2-methyI- 1-propanoI) Butanol, terti-Butyl acetate, n-Chloral hydrate ... 

Dichloroacetic acid has been prepared by the chlorination of acetic or chloroacetic acid, by hydrolysis of pentachloro-ethane, from trichloroacetic acid by electrolytic reduction or the action of copper, and by the action of alkali cyanides on chloral hydrate. The method described here is essentially that of Delepine. ... 

ACETIC ACID, LEAD(II) SALT TRIHYDRATE (6080-56-4) Pb(C2H302)2 3H20 Contact with acids forms acetic acid. Incompatible with oxidizers, bases, acetic acid alkalis, aUcylene oxides, ammonia, amines, bromates, carbonates, citrates, chlorides, chloral hydrate cresols, epichlorohydrin, hydrozoic acid, isocyanates, methyl isocyanoacetate, phenols, phosphates, salicylic acid sodium salicylate, sodium peroxyborate, potassium bromate resorcinol, salicylic acid, strong oxidizers, sulfates, sulfites, taimin, tartrates, tinctures trinitrobenzoic acid, urea nitrate. On small fires, use dry chemical, Halori, or CO2 extinguishers. 

C4H604Pb Pb(CH3COO)2 Violent reaction with bromates, carbonates, phenols, phosphates potassium bromate (possible explosion). Contact with strong acids forms acetic acid. Reacts with strong oxidizers. Incompatible with alkalis, alkylene oxides, ammonia, amines, carbonates, citrates, cresols, chloral hydrate, chlorides, epichloro-hydrin, hydrozoic acid, isocyanates, methyl isocyanoacetate, phenol, phosphates, potassium bromate, resorcinol, salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, sodium peroxyborate soluble sulfates sulfites, tannin, tartrates, some tinctures triiutrobenzoic acid, urea nitrate. In the heat of fire lead oxides and acetic acid fumes are formed. 

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