Acetaldehyde acetic acid

Figure 3-5. Fugacity coefficients for the system acetaldehyde-acetic acid.

Because of its relatively high, price, there have been continuing efforts to replace acetylene in its major appHcations with cheaper raw materials. Such efforts have been successful, particularly in the United States, where ethylene has displaced acetylene as raw material for acetaldehyde, acetic acid, vinyl acetate, and chlorinated solvents. Only a few percent of U.S. vinyl chloride production is still based on acetylene. Propjiene has replaced acetylene as feed for acrylates and acrylonitrile. Even some recent production of traditional Reppe acetylene chemicals, such as butanediol and butyrolactone, is based on new raw materials. 

The reaction is very exothermic. The heat of reaction of propylene oxidation to acrolein is 340.8 kJ /mol (81.5 kcal/mol) the overall reactions generate approximately 837 kJ/mol (200 kcal/mol). The principal side reactions produce acryUc acid, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. A variety of other aldehydes and acids are also formed in small amounts. Proprietary processes for acrolein manufacture have been described (25,26). 

Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, glycerol, n - butanol, n - butyric acid, amyl alcohols, oxalic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, amino acids, antibiotics, vitamins... 

Chemical Uses. In Europe, products such as ethylene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, butadiene, and isoprene have been manufactured from acetylene at one time. Wartime shortages or raw material restrictions were the basis for the choice of process. Coking coal was readily available in Europe and acetylene was easily accessible via calcium carbide. 

Sorbic acid is oxidized rapidly in the presence of molecular oxygen or peroxide compounds. The decomposition products indicate that the double bond farthest from the carboxyl group is oxidized (11). More complete oxidation leads to acetaldehyde, acetic acid, fumaraldehyde, fumaric acid, and polymeric products. Sorbic acid undergoes Diels-Alder reactions with many dienophiles and undergoes self-dimerization, which leads to eight possible isomeric Diels-Alder stmctures (12). 

Acetaldehyde. Until the early 1970s, the maia use of iadustrial ethanol was for the production of acetaldehyde [75-07-0]. By 1977, the ethanol route to acetaldehyde had largely been phased out ia the United States as ethylene and ethane became the preferred feedstocks for acetaldehyde production (286—304). Acetaldehyde usage itself has also changed two primary derivatives of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and butanol, are now produced from feedstocks other than acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is stiU produced from ethanol ia India. 

Most diaziridines are not sensitive towards alkali. As an exception, diaziridines derived from 2-hydroxyketones are quickly decomposed by heating with aqueous alkali. Acetaldehyde, acetic acid and ammonia are formed from (162). This reaction is not a simple N—N cleavage effected intramolecularly by a deprotonated hydroxy group, since highly purified hydroxydiaziridine (162) is quite stable towards alkali. Addition of small amounts of hydroxybutanone results in fast decomposition. An assumed reaction path — Grob fragmentation of a hydroxyketone-diaziridine adduct (163) — is in accord with these observations (B-67MI50800). 

Acenaphthene Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone... 

Important Chemicals from Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid... 

Ethanol s many uses can be conveniently divided into solvent and chemical uses. As a solvent, ethanol dissolves many organic-based materials such as fats, oils, and hydrocarbons. As a chemical intermediate, ethanol is a precursor for acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and diethyl ether, and it is used in the manufacture of glycol ethyl ethers, ethylamines, and many ethyl esters. 

An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond. Acetylene.. H—C= C—H, the simplest alkyne, was once widely used in industry as the starting material for the preparation of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, vinyl chloride, and other high-volume chemicals, but more efficient routes to these substances using ethylene as starting material are now available. Acetylene is still used in the preparation of acrylic polymers but is probably best known as the gas burned in high-temperature oxy-acetylene welding torches. 

Photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol on Pt/ri02 and Nafion coated Ti02 catalysts were studied using in situ infrared IR techniques. Infrared studies show that the reaction produced acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetate, formic acid, formate, and CO2/H2O. Modification of the Ti02 catalyst by Pt and Nafion slowed down the oxidation reaction through site blocking. Incorporation of Pt was found to favor formation of formate (HCOO ), indicating Pt decreases the rate of oxidation of formate more than that of its formation. 

Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetate Formic acid Formate... 

The explosion limits have been determined for liquid systems containing hydrogen peroxide, water and acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, 2-propanol or propionaldehyde, under various types of initiation [1], In general, explosive behaviour is noted where the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to water is >1, and if the overall fuel-peroxide composition is stoicheiometric, the explosive power and sensitivity may be equivalent to those of glyceryl nitrate [2],... 

Unlike SRE, the POE reaction for H2 production has been reported so far only by a few research groups.101104-108 While Wang et al. os and Mattos et r//.104-106 have studied the partial oxidation of ethanol to H2 and C02 (eqn (18)) at lower temperatures, between 300 and 400 °C using an 02/EtOH molar ratio up to 2, Wanat et al.101 have focused on the production of syngas (eqn (19)) over Rh/Ce02-monolith catalyst in a catalytic wall reactor in millisecond contact time at 800 °C. Depending on the nature of metal catalyst used and the reaction operating conditions employed, undesirable byproducts such as CH4, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, etc. have been observed. References known for the partial oxidation of ethanol in the open literature are summarized in Table 6. 

Table 1.2 Chemical yields in acetaldehyde, acetic acid and CO2 for the electro-oxidation of ethanol at Pt/C, Pt-Sn (90 10)/C and Pt-Sn-Ru (86 10 4)/C catalysts under DEFC operating conditions at 80 °C for 4 h.

Solvent Beverages Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid H Hi ethyl Filter Ethyl Acetate Glycol Ether... 

Example CO psi H2 C0/H2 EDA Acetic Anhydride Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Methyl Acetate... 

The vapor-phase oxidation of lactic acid with air was executed using an iron phosphate catalyst with a P/Fe atomic ratio of 1.2. It was found that lactic acid is selectively converted to form pyruvic acid by oxidative dehydrogenation. The one-pass yield reached 50 mol% however, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and CO2 was still formed, and the pyruvic acid produced decomposes over time to give acetic acid and C02. ... 

Uses In addition to the extensive use of acetylene in oxyacetylene welding it is used as a starting material for the manuf of inorg and org acetylides as well as many other compds. Some of them such as acetone, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, etc are indispensible in the manuf and testingof expls and ammo. Acetylene was also used to manufacture tetranitromethane by the method described in PATR 2510 (1958), p Ger 195, under Tetan... 

Rankine (6, 38) believes that the differences in the secondary products formed in wines during fermentation by various yeasts are quantitative rather than qualitative, and careful selection of pure yeast strains can eliminate wine disorders caused by large amounts of undesirable by-products such as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, higher alcohols, etc. 

Tills is generally associated with the familiar alcoholic fermentation in which theoretically 100 parts of glucose are converted to 51.1 parts of ethyl alcohol (ethanol). 48.9 parts of carbon dioxide (CO/i. and heat. In addition, however, the anaerobic reaction also yields minor byproducts in small amounts—mainly glycerol, succinic acid, higher alcohols (fusel oil), 2,3-butanediol, and traces of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Fusel oil is a mixture of alcohols, including -propyl, -butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl alcohols. 

Selective oxidation of methyl ethyl ketone to diacetyl has been studied by passing a mixture of the ketone in artificial air over vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts in the temperature range 200-350 C. Products observed included diacetyl, methyl vinyl ketone, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and carbon dioxide. C4 products were favoured at low temperatures and at low or zero oxygen partial pressures. These results are rationalised in terms of two pathways for C2 products, namely oxidation of the double bond in the enol form of methyl ethyl ketone to yield acetic acid and acetaldehyde, and acid catalysed hydration of the keto form to yield acetaldehyde only. The C4 products are envisaged to go through a common intermediate, namely, CH3COCHOHCH3, formed by interaction between methyl ethyl ketone and lattice oxygen. 

In the case of propylene the principal products were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, CO and CO2. Small quantities of acetylene, acetone, hydrogen peroxide, and allyl alcohol were also formed. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were apparently formed with participation of one atom of oxygen and since they were present when no 02 was added, they were assumed to be the primary reaction products. The following primary steps were therefore postulated... 

---