Trade names and abbreviations

TABLE 3. SOME ABBREVIATIONS AND TRADE NAMES OF PIASnCS. 

For phenols with three or more alkyl substituents, trade names, abbreviations, and associative names predominate, eg, BHT and... 

There has been some interest in random eopolymers of styrene with small amounts of maleie anhydride. Manufaeturers ineluded Monsanto (Cadon), Dow (Resin XP5272) and Dainippon (Ryurex X-15). However, the only current manufacturer of high molecular weight materials appears to be Arco, which markets its products under the trade name Dylarc. The abbreviation SMA is commonly used for these materials. 

A difficulty arises in describing the precise chemical nature of many inhibitor formulations that are actually used in practice. With the advancing technology of inhibitor applications there are an increasing number of formulations that are marketed under trade names. The compositions of these are, for various reasons, frequently not disclosed. A similar problem arises in describing the composition of many inhibitor formulations used in the former Soviet Union. Here the practice is to use an abbreviated classification system and it is often difficult to trace the actual composition, although in many cases a judicious literature search will provide the required information. 

Recently, a new method of nomenclature of TPEs was produced jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Association of the Automotive Industries (VDA), Germany, and the producers of raw materials. Nevertheless, for this chapter the above-mentioned abbreviations for the TPEs have been utilized. Table 5.3 provides a list of significant suppliers of different generic classes of TPEs with respective trade names. 

Most studies of micellar systems have been carried out on synthetic surfactants where the polar or ionic head group may be cationic, e.g. an ammonium or pyridinium ion, anionic, e.g. a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate ion, non-ionic, e.g. hydroxy-compound, or zwitterionic, e.g. an amine oxide or a carboxylate or sulfonate betaine. Surfactants are often given trivial or trade names, and abbreviations based on either trivial or systematic names are freely used (Fendler and Fendler, 1975). Many commercial surfactants are mixtures so that purity can be a major problem. In addition, some surfactants, e.g. monoalkyl sulfates, decompose slowly in aqueous solution. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 1, together with values of the critical micelle concentration, cmc. This is the surfactant concentration at the onset of micellization (Mukerjee and Mysels, 1970) and can therefore be taken to be the maximum concentration of monomeric surfactant in a solution (Menger and Portnoy, 1967). Its value is related to the change of free energy on micellization (Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Lindman and Wennerstrom, 1980). 

A vast number of polymer compounds are available commercially. Generally they are known by their polymer type in full or abbreviated (e.g., acrylic, polyvinyl chloride or PVC, high density polyethylene or HDPE), and frequently by a manufacturer s trade name. There is little standardisation into classes based on chemical composition or physical performance, as there is for metals. In reality, a particular chemical composition does not fully define the physical properties, while each class of performance properties can be met by a range of competing polymer types. The current trend is towards further diversification polymer compounds are increasingly being tailored to a particular application. Only in industries where recycling is an issue is there pressure for a more limited number of polymers, which can be identified and separated at the end of product life. 

This book provides an ideal revision guide for those preparing to sit for a multiple choice questions (MCQs) examination in pharmacy. It covers common general pharmacy practice interventions and operations and other topics commonly featured in examinations, such as simple pharmaceutical calculations, doses, strengths, nomenclature, abbreviations, dosage forms, specialities, trade and generic names, biochemical tests, classification, side-effects, and common diseases. Some recent advances in pharmacy practice are also included. 

This polymer is well known by a number of trade names, such as Dacron, its common grouping, polyester, and by an abbreviation, PET. 

Trade (and/or brand) names and abbreviations are often used to describe a particular material or a group of materials. They may be used to identify the product of a manufacturer, processor, or fabricator, and may be associated with a particular product or with a material or modified material, or a material grouping. Trade names are used to describe specific groups of materials that are produced by a specific company or under license of that company. Bakelite is the trade name given for the phenol-formaldehyde condensation developed by Baekeland. A sweater whose material is described as containing Orion contains polyacrylonitrile fibers that are protected under the Orion trademark and produced or licensed to be produced by the holder of the Orion trademark. Carina, Cobex, Dacovin,... 

Trade names and abbreviations are frequently used in the literature and in oral communication, e.g. nylon 66 for poly(hexamethylene adipamide), Teflon or PTFE for poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and Lucite or PMMA for poly(methyl methacrylate). Other common abbreviations are listed below ... 

Non-proprietary or generic names (second column) these give, in abbreviated form, an indication of the chemical structure of a medication and, because they are the same in all countries, promote better international understanding (in publications, congresses, etc.) than trade names. 

In general, ethers are low on the scale of chemical reactivity because the carbon-oxygen bond is not cleaved readily. For this reason ethers frequently are employed as inert solvents in organic synthesis. Particularly important in this connection are diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane. The mono- and dialkyl ethers of 1,2-ethanediol, 3-oxa-l,5-pentanediol, and related substances are useful high-boiling solvents. Unfortunately, their trade names are not very rational. Abbreviated names are in... 

DEHP, which is an abbreviation for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, is a manufactured chemical that is commonly added to plastics to make them flexible. Other names for this compound are dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP). (Note that di-n-octyl phthalate, however, is the name for a different chemical.) Trade names used for DEHP include Platinol DOP, Octoil, Silicol 150, Bisoflex 81, and Eviplast 80. DEHP is a colorless liquid with almost no odor. It does not evaporate easily, and little will be present in the air even near... 

Chemical Name (abbreviation, PBB No. or PBDE No. and/or trade name of flame retardant) CAS No. Chemical structure Molecular formula Molecular mass [g mol ] log Kow BCF in fish. Detected in water (W), sediments (S), mussels (M), fish (F), whales (Wh) and/or human fat (H)... 

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