A-retinal

Sulfur hexafluoride is a gas used as a long-term tamponade (plug) for a retinal hole to repair detached retinas in the eye. If 2.50 g of this compound is introduced into an evacuated 500.0-mL container at 83°C, what pressure in atmospheres is developed ... 

Tretinoin Retin-A Retin-A Micro 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1 % cream 0.01%, 0.025% gel 0.05% solution 0.04% and 0.1% gel Apply a small amount once daily before bedtime Skin irritation, dryness, photosensitivity initially may worsen acne Skin irritation, dryness, photosensitivity initially may worsen acne... 

Several recent studies on trienes,(70,71) vitamin A, retinal, and higher carotenoids<72-76) have been published however, much work remains to be done in this area. 

Bunt-Milam, A.H., Kalina, R.E., Pagon, R.A., 1983. Clinical-ultrastructural study of a retinal dystrophy. Invest... 

Fishkin, N., Sparrow, J.R., Allikmets, R., Nakanishi, K., 2005. Isolation and characterization of a retinal pigment epithelial cell fluorophore An all-fraws-retinal dimer conjugate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102, 7091-7096. 

The CP MAS NMR spectroscopy has been also extensively used for studies of proteins containing retinylidene chromophore like proteorhodopsin or bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein component of purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium.71 7 This protein contains 248 amino acids residues, forming a 7-helix bundle and a retinal chromophore covalently bound to Lys-216 via a Schiff base linkage. It is a light-driven proton pump that translocates protons from the inside to the outside of the cell. After photoisomerization of retinal, the reaction cycle is described by several intermediate states (J, K, L, M, N, O). Between L and M intermediate states, a proton transfer takes place from the protonated Schiff base to the anionic Asp85 at the central part of the protein. In the M and/or N intermediate states, the global conformational changes of the protein backbone take place. 

Arriza, J. L., Eliasof, S., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G. (1997) Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 94,4155 1160. 

Retinoblastoma is a retinal tumour that occurs in either an inherited or sporadic form. The sporadic form is rare since both alleles must be subject to somatic mutations for this form of the disease to develop. 

Diagnosis of CMV retinitis The diagnosis should be made by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Other conditions in the differential diagnosis of CMV retinitis include candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, retinal scars, and cotton wool spots, any of which may produce a retinal appearance similar to CMV. The... 

T binafine (Lamisil) Tolnaftate (Tinactin) Tretinoin, Topical [Retinoic Acid] (Retin-A, Retin-A Micro Avita,... 

Do mammals require a retinal-hasedphotopigment for photic signalling to the SCN ... 

Van Gelder We deprive them enough. The old studies used global vitamin A depletion, which depleted retinals, retinols and retinoic acid. Survival may be a retinoic acid versus a retinal issue. The point is, how do you explain the complete loss of SCN photoresponse in Kbp (vitamin A-depleted) Cry 1 Cry2 triple mutants ... 

Fig. 1. Photograph of fundus with a retinal detachment. (See Colour Plate Section at the end of this book.)...

Primary (idiopathic, rhegmatogeneous) retinal detachment is induced by a retinal tear, followed by penetration of vitreous fluid between the sensoric retina and the pigment epithelium. 

Chapter 9, Fig. 1. Photograph of fundus with a retinal detachment. 

I Brand Name(s) Altinac, Avita, Renova, Retin-A, Retin-AMicro, Vesanoid Combinations... 

Thioridazine poses a potentially greater danger to the eyes than CPZ. At doses greater than 800 mg/day, a retinitis pigmentosa may appear, leading to substantial visual impairment or even blindness. In some cases, the condition does not fully remit when the drug is stopped therefore, thioridazine doses of more than 800 mg/day are never recommended to allow for a reasonable margin of safety (499). 

Figure 23-40 (A) Diagram of a vertebrate rod cell. From Abrahamson and Fager.446 (B) Electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of the outer segment of a retinal rod of a rat. There are 600-2000 discs per rod and 2 x 104 and 8 x 10s rhodopsin molecules per disc. Courtesy of John E. Dowling. (C) Enlarged section from Dratz and Hargrave.451 (D) Schematic drawing of rhodopsin. The two a helices in the front have been partly cut away to reveal the 11-c/s retinal in protonated Schiff base linkage to lysine 296. From Nathans.448 Courtesy of Jeremy Nathans.

Figure 30-10 (A) Schematic drawing of a synapse. (B) Electron micrograph showing the synaptic junctions in the basal part (pedicle) of a retinal cone cell of a monkey.403 Each pedicle contains synaptic contacts with 12 triads, each made up of processes from a bipolar cell center that carries the principal output signal and processes from two horizontal cells that also synapse with other cones. A ribbon structure within the pedicle is characteristic of these synapses. Note the numerous synaptic vesicles in the pedicle, some arranged around the ribbon, the synaptic clefts, and the characteristic thickening of the membranes surrounding the cleft (below the ribbons). Micrograph courtesy of John Dowling.

A number of compounds important to animal physiology have been identified as isoprenoid compounds. Notable examples are vitamin A, retinal (Section 28-7), and squalene (Table 30-1). Also, terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes have been isolated from insects and, like famesol, show hormonal and pheromonal activity. As one example, the juvenile hormone isolated from Cecropia silk moths has the structure shown in 3 ... 

Chen, C.-K., Wieland, T., and Simon, M. I. (1996). RGS-r, a retinal specific RGS protein, binds an intermediate conformation of transducin and enhances recycling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12885-12889. 

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