Retinal glutamate

Arriza, J. L., Eliasof, S., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G. (1997) Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 94,4155 1160. 

Complementary to vascular compromise and mechanically impaired axoplasmic flow, additional pathogenic mechanisms (Figures 30.3 30.4) that underlie glaucomatous optic neuropathy include excitotoxic damage from excessive retinal glutamate, peroxynitrite toxicity from increased nitric oxide synthase activity, immune-media ted nerve damage, and oxidative stress (Naskar and Dreyer, 2001). 

Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Case GL, Kern TS. 2001. Retinal glutamate in diabetes and effect of antioxidants. Neurochem Int 38 385-390. 

Takahashi, Y., G. Moiseyev et al. (2005). Identification of conserved histidines and glutamic acid as key residues for isomerohydrolase activity of RPE65, an enzyme of the visual cycle in the retinal pigment epithelium. FEBSLett. 579(24) 5414-5418. 

Brew, H. and Attwell, D. (1987) Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of axolotl retinal glial cells. Nature 327,707-709. 

Billups, B., Rossi, D and Attwell, D. (1996) Anion conductance behavior of the glutamate uptake carrier in salamander retinal glial cells../. Neurosci. 16, 6722-6731. 

Eliasof, S. and Jahr, C. E. (1996) Retinal glial cell glutamate transporter is coupled to an anionic conductance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93,4153 4158. 

Eye function It protects retinal neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated glutamate neurotoxicity. Deterioration of accommodation following visual work has also been shown to improve in individuals receiving methylcobalamin. 

Figure 23-45 (A) Some aspects of the structure of bacteriorhodopsin. Ribbon diagram with the retinal Schiff base in ball-and-stick representation. At the top the helices are labeled as in Fig. 23-41. The locations of aspartate, glutamate, and arginine residues that might carry protons during the proton pumping action are indicated. Retinal is shown attached to lysine 216.

Wakabayashi Y., Yagihashi T., Kezuka J., Muramatsu D., Usui M., and Iwasaki T. (2006). Glutamate levels in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion. Retina 26 432 136. 

Olney J.W. 1969 Glutamate-induced retinal degeneration in neonatal mice electron microscopy of the acutely evolving lesion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 28, 455 174. 

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