A Method of Study

In preparing for a project proposal to OTA s Technology Assessment Board, OTA management concluded that focusing on research and development (R D) costs alone would be too narrow and that these costs should be studied in the context of the financial returns that investors receive from pharmaceutical R D. OTA also concluded that the study should examine how Federal policies affect both the costs of and returns on R D. OTA submitted a proposal to the Technology Assessment Board in June 1989, which the Board approved for initiation in September 1989. (The project was not fully staffed until January 1990.) The project had four components  

To explore relevant economic methods and data, OTA engaged in intramural research and also contracted for several papers that were presented at a workshop held in September 1990 at the University of 

California, Santa Barbara. Workshop participants included paper authors, six members of the Advisory Panel with economic or financial expertise, and a small number of outside experts who reviewed and critiqued the papers for revision. (See table A-2 for a list of workshop attendees.) This review greatly enhanced the quality and clarity of the contract papers, some of which became essential pieces of the R D assessment. 

Baber and Kang submitted a second draft of their contract report to OTA in January 1991, based on the criticisms raised at the workshop. OTA contracted with two of the country s foremost experts on profit measurement, Franklin Fisher (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Gerald Salamon (Indiana University), as well as the panel chairman, to provide a thorough review and critique of the second draft. These two reviews formed the basis for a third revised draft of the profit study in March 1991, which was then submitted for further review not only to the Advisory Panel but also to Professors Fisher and Salamon and a 

One outside economist who specializes in the pharmaceutical industry submitted a detailed critique of the third draft of the profit study in July 1991. OTA asked Baber and Kang to reply to the critique. The entire file of comments and replies was then sent back to the two contract reviewers and the panel chair for a final review. These reviews convinced OTA that the methods employed by Baber and Kang to measure profitability in the industry are sound and represent an important advance over previous methods. OTA compiled the entire history of review for the profit study into a single document that is available upon request to interested parties. 

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Bench scale analysis Also known as "bench test . A method of studying different ways of treating wastewater and solids on a small scale in a laboratory. Alken-Murray offers several such test kits including Aiken Clear-Flo Bench Test 1 and Aiken PCB Bench Test. 

Electrophoresis as a method of study of molecular differences has its limitations. It can demonstrate variation of the primary structure only if it changes migration in the electric field, which is the case only for a fraction (about one third) of the conceivable variants the others are electrophoretically silent. On the other hand, different amino acid replacements may cause the same electrophoretic variant and thus be indistinguishable. Furthermore, the whole method was applicable only to selected types of proteins and could not yield a genetically satisfactory overview. 

Bourgois, J., Janin, G. and Guyonnet, R. (1991). Measuring colour a method of studying and optimising the chemical transformations of thermally-treated wood. Holzforschung, 45(5), 377-382. 

The earliest estimates of the enol content of various p-diketones was made by careful distillation (Meyer and Schoeller, 1920 Meyer and Hopflf, 1921). Although, as a method of studying the equilibrium, this approach has been replaced by non-intrusive methods, work on the physical separation of the tautomers has continued (e.g. Regitzand Schafer, 1981 Vogt and Gompper, 1981). 

In the proper development of a scientific theory it is to be expected that theory and experimental observations should be consistent with one another, preferably the theory being refined by further observations. It is essential to obtain experimental observations by which ideas such as molecular orbital theory may be tested and possibly refined. This section describes a method of studying molecules using electromagnetic radiation. 

The success and relative simplicity of conductivity as a method of study for small ions prompt us to extend these ideas to particles in the colloidal size range. For the purpose of our discussion here, we can treat a charged colloidal particle as an ion of large charge, hence the name macroion. However, we identify shortly some of the differences between such macroions and small ions with respect to their response to an applied electric field. For certain colloids the experimental aspects of studying mobilities are simpler than for small ions because of the... 

Westheimer Mid KhMasch [86] also chose reaction kinetics as a method of studying the actual composition of nitrating mixtures. They found, that the rate of a nitration reaction depends chiefly on the acidity of the medium Mid not on its dehydrating properties. Therefore, the reaction rate is highest when 90% sulphuric acid is used as a solvent for nitric acid, while the reaction remains unaffected when a substMice of strong dehydrating properties such as phosphoric anhydride is added to the mixture. 

Larsen JP, Odegaard H, Grude TH, Hoien T. 1989. Magnetic resonance imaging-a method of studying the size and asymmetry of the planum temporale. Acta Neurol Scand 80(5) 438-443. 

Applications of blocking principle based contrast reagents are many and wide-ranging. The application in gene expression and as a method of study of embryonic development will be briefly described. The contrast reagent, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-... 

Boerhaave, H. (1719). A Method of Studying Fhysick (Mr. Samber, Trans.). London. 

In Section IV the computer simulation is extended to describe the effects of excitation in chiral molecules and racemic mixtures of enantiomers. The modification of the dynamical properties brought about by mixing two enantiomers in equimolar proportion may be explained in terms of rotation-translation coupling. The application of an external field in this context ai iplifies the difference between the field-on acf s and cross-correlation of enantiomer and racemic mixture and provides a method of studying experimentally the fundamental phenomenon of rotation-translation coupling in the molecular liquid state of matter. 

Bashorin, V.N., 1980. The helium survey as a method of studying long-lived faults. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 255 91-93. 

PCC). A method of studying chromosomes in the interphase stage of the cell cycle. 

In 1980, Coveleski et al.34° reported on a method of study of IVR known as chemical timing. Since this first report, the Parmenter group has published a number of detailed papers on the theory of chemical timing346 and its application to studies of IVR in p-difluorobenzene34 and p-fluorotoluene.35... 

A technique which appears to offer the greatest step forward in the use of infrared absorption as a method of studying adsorbed species is the application of the infrared reflection method to adsorption problems. 

Catalysis by transition metal complexes and metaUoenzymes involves a sequence of ligand exchange reactions. Such a reaction can he viewed as an interchange of an inner sphere and outer sphere ligand. It is argued therefore that the structure of the second coordination sphere is of direct relevance to catalysis. A method of studying second coordination sphere structure based on dipolar NMR shifts in paramagnetic complexes is discussed. Even in weakly bound complexes, there is a definite preferred structure for the complex which may or may not be favorable for a subsequent substitution reaction. 

Luminescence of Probe Molecules. These studies permit evaluation of polymer properties. In particular, measurement of the relative Intensities of fluorescence of a probe molecule polarized parallel to and perpendicular to the plane of linearly polarized exciting radiation as a function of orientation of a solid sample yields Information concerning the ordering of polymer chains. In solution, similar polarization studies yield Information on the rotational relaxation of chains and the viscosity of the microenvironment of the probe molecule. More recently, the study of luminescence Intensity of probe molecules as a function of temperature has been used as a method of studying transition temperatures and freeing of subgroup motion in polymers. 

A method of study suggests itself. Animals should be fed a diet free of calcium in the periods of exploration of phytic acid digestion. The rat, which has measurable quantities of phytase in the mucous membrane of the small intestine but in which the phytic acid digestion is still incomplete, is clearly the animal to be used. 

FPTN Is a method of studying and expressing failure behaviour of complex systems. Uses a modular and hierarchical diagrammatic notation to express input and output failures of modules, as well as internal handling mechanisms for failures. No detailed method is published. Method is only suitable for summarising failure information that has been derived using other techniques. 

Morphometry as a Method of Studying Adaptive Regulation of Embryogenesis in Polluted Environments... 

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