A-Amyrin palmitate

Another psychoactive constituent of lobelia, beta-amyrin palmitate, causes a release of norepinephrine in mouse brain synaptosomes, possibly releasing it from newly synthesized pools (Subarnas et al. 1993b). 

Antidepressant Some animal models show antidepressant effects of lobelia extract (Subarnas et al. 1992). Similar to imipramine and mianserin, beta-amyrin palmitate shows antidepressant-like effects in the forced-swimming test (Subarnas et al. 1993a). Whereas mianserin and beta-amyrin palmitate reduce locomotor activity induced by methamphetamine, imipramine increases it. It potentiates sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep more potently than imipramine, but less than mianserin. Collectively, the effects of beta-amyrin palmitate in behavioral and physiological assays suggests it may work in a manner more similar to mianserin than imipramine. However, the mechanism of antidepressant-like effects of lobelia is uncertain. It may be through the beta-amyrin palmitate s ability to release norepinephrine (Subarnas et al. 1993b). An antidepressant effect of lobelia has not been established in humans. 

Subarnas A, Tadano T, Kisara K, Ohizumi Y. (1993c). An alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism of hypoactivity induced by beta-amyrin palmitate. J Pharm Pharmacol. 45(11) 1006-8. 

The hydrophobic triterpenoids a-amyrin and lupeol (both having a 3-hydroxy as the only polar group) and their palmitate and linoleate esters are similarly potent and relatively selective inhibitors (IC50 = 4-9 pM). These triterpenoids are in vivo anti-inflammatory agents, and their relatively selective PICA inhibition activity suggests that PKA could be involved in the inflammatory process although the responsible mechanisms are not yet clear [90]. 

Glutinone, fernenone, lupenone, simiarenol, a-amyrin acetate, p-amyrin acetate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, lupenyl acetate, 24-methylene-cycloartanone, trans-phenyllitaconic, gult-5-en-3p-yl acetate, dammara-20,24-dien-3p-yl acetate, cycloartenyl acetate, cycloart-23-en-3p,25-diol, cycloart-23-en-3p,25-diol monoacetate, arteminolides... 

Elder leaf contains sambunigrin (a cyano-genic glucoside) at 0.042% concentration, according to one source choline rutin and quercetin sterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol) triterpenes (a- and P-amyrin palmitates, oleanohc acid, and ursohc acid) alkanes (mainly -nonacosane and... 

One study found that samhuculin A and a-and P-amyrin palmitate from S. formosana have antihepatotoxic activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. 

Among five triterpenoids isolated from Calendula officinalis flowers, P-amyrin (119), faradiol (232), i /-taraxasterol (238), taraxasterol (239), and lupeol (238), the diol 232 was the most active. It showed a dose-dependent effect with a potency that equals that of indomethacin (5) in the topical anti-inflammatory assay with croton oil [33]. Esterification at C-3 of 232 with a fatty acid reduced the activity by more than 50% [33] consistent with our observation in the TPA-induced assay described above. The anti-inflammatory properties, as determined by croton oil-induced edema of mouse ear, of faradiol-3-O-myristate (233) and its 3-O-palmitate (234), the main components of lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers, were shown to be contribute significantly to the pronounced antiphlogistic activity of the lipophilic extracts of C. officinalis flowers [34]. 

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