A-actin promoter

Blank RS, McQuinn TC, Yin KC, Thompson MM, Takeyasu K, Schwartz RJ, Owens GK (1992) Elements of the smooth muscle a-actin promoter required in cis for transcriptional activation in smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 267 984-989... 

Miyazaki, J., Takaki, S., Araki, K., Tashiro, F., Tominaga, A., Takatsu, K. et al. (1989) Expression vector system based on the chicken beta-actin promoter directs efficient production of interleukin-5. Gene, 15, 269-277. 

Promoters from cytomegalovirus (CMV) or simian virus 40 (SV40) have been widely used because they are known to be strong promoters (Qin et al., 1997). When we evaluated mouse interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expres-sion plasmids, pCMV-mIL-4 and pCMV-mIL-10, respectively, we found a high expression level of IL-4 or IL-10 in vitro and in vivo Koh et al. (2001). However, CMV promoter appears to show a decrease in activity when administered in vivo. The duration of gene expression by CMV promoter is short compared with cellular promoters such as j3-actin promoter. Also, CMV promoter shows lower activity than chicken P-actin promoter in the liver (Xu et al., 2001). 

Xu, L.,T. Daly C. Gao,T.R. Flotte, S. Song, B.J. Byrne, M.S. Sands, and K. Parker Ponder. 2001. CMV-beta-actin promoter directs higher expression from an adeno-associated viral vector in the liver than the cytomegalovirus or elongation factor 1 a promoter and results in therapeutic levels of human factor X in mice. Hum. Gene Ther. 12 563-573. 

CArG A promoter element [CC(A/T)gG] gene for smooth muscle a-actin... 

Biberman, Y., Meyuhas, O. (1997) Substitution of just five nucleotides at and around the transcription start site of rat beta-actin promoter is sufficient to render the resulting transcript a subject for translational control. FEBS Lett 405, 333-336. 

Shimizu RT, Blank RS, Jervis R, Lawrenz-Smith SC, Owens GK (1995) The smooth muscle a-actin gene promoter is differentially regulated in smooth muscle versus non- muscle cells. J Biol Chem 270 7631-7643... 

Stable Dictyostelium cell lines containing integrated or extrachromosomal vectors driven by the actin promoter express about 0.26 pg (2.6 x 10 molecules) of luciferase per cell. Both transient and stable expression have been seen with the actin promoter and also a cAMP inducible prestalk cell-type specific promoter (26). 

Hectochlorin (7) is a cyclic lipopeptide containing two thiazole rings and a gem-dichloro substituted carbon [21]. This lipopeptide was isolated from a culture of Lyngbya majuscula collected in Hector Bay, Jamaica and from field collections made in Panama. Total synthesis was reported at the same time [22]. Hectochlorin is a potent promoter of actin polymerization. In addition, it is a fimgicide which demonstrated activity on pathogens in crop... 

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