Zirconium titanate

Zirconium titanate (ZrTiOJ ceramic materials are extensively used as resonators for microwave telecommunications in humidity sensors, catalysis, and optical devices. 

The powders thermally treated at 600 °C were crystallized in ZrTi04. These powders were cold pressed and heat treated at 300 and 400 °C for 3 h. Porous ceramic pellets were obtained with possible applications in humidity sensors. 

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Outside of catalyst preparation, reaction of sucrose with metal nitrates has been used to prepare nanocomposite mixed oxide materials. Wu et al. [46] reported the synthesis of Mg0-Al203 and Y203-Zr02 mixed oxides by reaction of nitrate precursors with sucrose. The resulting powders had smaller particles than those prepared without sucrose. Das [47] used a similar method in the presence of poly vinylalcohol to produce nanocrystalline lead zirconium titanate and metal ferrierites (MFe204, M = Co, Ni, or Zn). The materials prepared using sucrose had smaller crystallites than those made without. Both authors observed an exothermic decomposition of the precursors during calcination. 

Piezoelectric inkjet is currently the technology of choice for most emerging industrial applications. In this technology, a piezo crystal (commonly lead zirconium titanate) undergoes distortion when an electric field is applied, and this distortion is used to mechanically create a pressure pulse that causes a drop to be ejected from the nozzle (Fig. 3). There are many variations of piezo inkjet architectures including tube, edge, face, moving wall, and piston. 

Hydrated oxides Zr02-nH20 and Ti02-H20 were used as initial reagents for the synthesis of zirconium titanates. After the joint activation of the mixture for 15 min in a planetary mill, the mixture was heated at 1260°C for 4 h. These procedures resulted in the formation of both Zf2Ti04 and ZrsTi7024. X-ray diffraction patterns of compounds as prepared are... 

Figure 6.16. X-ray patterns of zirconium titanates synthesized by mechanical activation and subsequent annealing at 1260°C for 4 h of Zr02nH20+Ti02 H20 mixtures.

Monophosphate tungsten bronzes with pentagonal tunnels NASICON = Sodium super ionic conductor NLO = Nonlinear Optical PLZT = Lead lanthanum zirconium titanate PZT = Lead zirconium titanate SBT = Strontium Bismuth Tantalate, SrBi2Ta209 SOFC = Solid oxide fuel cell TTB = Tetragonal tungsten bronze YAG = Yttrium iron garnet 3D = Three-dimensional TEOS = Tetraethylorthosilicate. 

Additional work on dielectrics includes deposition of silica, PABS (lead aluminum boron silicates), PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconium titanate) and BST (barium strontium titanate) on Si-Ti-Pt wafers (Figure 2). The wafer specimens were patterned with metal electrodes and electronic properties were characterized. 

Titanium is an element of considerable interest in materials science because of its role in technical electroceramics such as barium titanate and lead zirconium titanate, and in engineering ceramics (TiN, TiC) and glasses. Titanium compounds also play a role in establishing catalytic activity in microporous materials. Despite the practical interest in Ti compounds, there have been relatively few NMR studies of this nucleus because of experimental difficulties, some of which are associated with the properties of its two NMR-active nuclei, which both have moderately large quadrupole moments Q in the... 

Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) is the most common material used for piezoelectric actuators. 

Typical fillers carbon black, silica, barium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, zeolite, copper powder... 

The properties of piezoelectric ceramics are modified when voltage is applied to them, making them useful as sensors and buzzers. For example, lead zirconium titanate is a piezoelectric ceramic used to provide muscle action in robot limbs in response to electrical signals. 

Fine-particle zirconium titanates <1997MI83> and lead-based ferroelectric niobates <1998MI380> have been prepared by the solution combustion process using corresponding metal nitrates/oxalate and tetraformaltrisazine (octahydro-[l,2,4,5]tetrazino[l,2- ][l,2,4,5]tetrazine) <1966BCJ504>. 

Sintered ceramics made of lead-zirconium titanate (PZT Pb(Tii jZr,)03 x S 0.5) are usually used for phoioacoustic experiments [105, 106]. The unit cell of the lead-zirconium titanate has a perovskite structure. Below the Curie temperature (328 °C for the PZT-4 (Vemitron) used by us [24]), the cells are tetragonally deformed, i.e., positive and negative charges are shifted and electric dipole moments are produced. In analogy to ferromagnetism, domains with randomly distributed polarization direction are formed. By the application of an electric field, these can be orientated in a preferred direction, and the sintered polycrystalline ceramic is then remanently polarized. The properties of these anisotropic piezoelectric materials are described by various parameters which depend on the polarization and deformation direction. In the common terminology, the < ordinate system shown in Fig. 3 is obtained for the cylindrical piezoelectric crystals [24]. 

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